The hidden costs of aging in place and how to afford it

k9bmkDEC@?8m%96 9:556? 4@DED @7 28:?8 :? A=246 2?5 9@H E@ 277@C5 :Ek^DEC@?8mk^9bm

kAm%96 56D:C6 E@ C6>2:? :? 72>:=:2C DFCC@F?5:?8D 2D J@F 286 :D ?2EFC2= 2?5 A6CD@?2=] u@C >2?J @=56C 25F=ED[ 28:?8 :? A=246 >62?D >2:?E2:?:?8 :?56A6?56?46[ 496C:D9:?8 >6>@C:6D 2?5 AC6D6CG:?8 E96 4@>7@CE @7 9@>6]k^Am

kAm(9:=6 E9:D 6>@E:@?2= 2AA62= @7 28:?8 2E 9@>6 :D F?56?:23=6[ E96 7:?2?4:2= C62=:EJ :?G@=G6D D:8?:7:42?E 4@DED E92E @7E6? C6>2:? 9:556? F?E:= E96J 364@>6 FC86?E ?646DD:E:6D]k^Am

kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^nFE>0D@FC46lDJ?5:42E:@?U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lA2CE?6CD9:ADU2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l6>\DJ?5:42E:@?\4@DED@728:?8:?A=246Qm':==286 r2C68:G:?8’D 8F:56 H:== H2=<k^2m J@F E9C@F89 E96D6 @G6C=@@<65 6IA6?D6D[ 7C@> 6DD6?E:2= 9@>6 >@5:7:42E:@?D E@ @?8@:?8 42C ?665D[ 96=A:?8 J@F 2?5 J@FC 72>:=J A=2? 67764E:G6=J 7@C 2 D64FC6 2?5 4@>7@CE23=6 7FEFC6 2E 9@>6]k^Am

k9bm(92E pC6 E96 w:556? r@DED @7 p8:?8 :? !=246nk^9bm

k7:8FC6mk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]DE24<6C]4@>^H^`ag_^:>286D^DE@C:6D^a_ad^`_^_d^9:556?\4@DED\@7\28:?8\:?\A=246];A68Q 2=ElQx?7@8C2A9:4 A@:?E:?8 @FE 5:776C6?E 4@DED @7 28:?8 :? A=246]Q DEJ=6lQH:5E9i `__TQ ^mk7:842AE:@?m':==286 r2C68:G:?8k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m

kAm|F=E:A=6 9:556? 6IA6?D6D 2C6 2DD@4:2E65 H:E9 28:?8 :? A=246[ :?4=F5:?8 E96 4@DE @7 DECF4EFC2= 492?86D E@ J@FC 9@>6[ @?8@:?8 DFAA@CE D6CG:46D[ 962=E9 42C6 2?5 @E96C ?646DD2CJ 25;FDE>6?ED 2D J@FC A9JD:42= 23:=:E:6D 492?86]k^Am

kAm|2?J 72>:=:6D 2C6 42F89E @77 8F2C5 3J E96D6 6IA6?D6D 3642FD6 E96J 7@4FD @? H96E96C E96 >@CE8286 :D A2:5 @77 @C :7 C6?E :D 277@C523=6] %9:D ?2CC@H G:6H @G6C=@@<D E96 >@F?E:?8 4@DED E92E 244@>A2?J A9JD:42= 492?86D 2?5 :?4C62D:?8 42C6 ?665D] *@F >:89E 2DDF>6 E92E DE2J:?8 9@>6 :D >@C6 64@?@>:42= E92? D6?:@C =:G:?8 724:=:E:6D[ 3FE E96 ECFE9 56A6?5D @? J@FC 962=E9 D:EF2E:@? 2?5 J@FC 9@>6’D 4@?5:E:@?]k^Am

kAm%96 =24< @7 FA\7C@?E A=2??:?8 4@?EC:3FE6D E@ 7:?2?4:2= DFCAC:D6D] |@DE A6@A=6 5@?’E 2?E:4:A2E6 ?665:?8 8C23 32CD :? E96:C e_D @C 2 DE2:C =:7E :? E96:C f_D] %96D6 F?6IA64E65 6IA6?D6D 42? DEC2:? 3F586ED E92E H6C6?’E AC6A2C65 7@C DF49 >@5:7:42E:@?D]k^Am

kAm%96 9:556? 4@DED @7 28:?8 :? A=246 :?4=F56ik^Am

k@=mk=:mw@>6 >@5:7:42E:@?D 2?5 2446DD:3:=:EJ FA8C256D]k^=:mk=:m}@?>65:42= 2?5 >65:42= :?\9@>6 42C6 D6CG:46D]k^=:mk=:m%C2?DA@CE2E:@? 2?5 >@3:=:EJ C6BF:C6>6?ED]k^=:mk=:m$276EJ 2?5 6>6C86?4J DJDE6>D]k^=:mk=:mw@FD69@=5 >2:?E6?2?46 2?5 C6A2:CD]k^=:mk=:mw62=E9 42C6 2?5 >65:42E:@? >2?286>6?E]k^=:mk=:m&?2?E:4:A2E65 6IA6?D6D =:<6 9@DA:E2=:K2E:@?D]k^=:mk^@=m

kAm{6E’D 6IA=@C6 E96D6 6IA6?D6D :? >@C6 56E2:= 36=@H]k^Am

k9bmw@>6 |@5:7:42E:@?D 2?5 p446DD:3:=:EJ &A8C256Dk^9bm

kAmw@>6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A>4]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^2CE:4=6D^!|r``hggcff^Qm>@5:7:42E:@?D 7@C 28:?8 2E 9@>6k^2m C2?86 7C@> C6=2E:G6=J 277@C523=6 32D:4 D276EJ 762EFC6D E@ 6IA6?D:G6 >2;@C C6?@G2E:@?D[ H:E9 >@DE 72>:=:6D :?G6DE:?8 DF3DE2?E:2==J :? 4C62E:?8 2 D276C[ >@C6 2446DD:3=6 =:G:?8 6?G:C@?>6?E] r@>>@? >@5:7:42E:@?D :?4=F56ik^Am

k@=mk=:mx?DE2==:?8 C2>AD 7@C H966=492:C 2446DD]k^=:mk=:m$E2:C =:7ED]k^=:mk=:mq2E9C@@> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^32E9C@@>\D276EJ\E:AD^QmC6?@G2E:@?D 7@C 2446DD:3:=:EJk^2m[ :?4=F5:?8 H2=<\:? D9@H6CD @C EF3D 2?5 8C23 32CD]k^=:mk=:m(:56?:?8 5@@CH2JD 7@C H966=492:C 2446DD]k^=:mk^@=m

kAm%96 AC:46D 7@C E96D6 >@5:7:42E:@?D G2CJ 56A6?5:?8 @? >2?J 724E@CD[ :?4=F5:?8 E96 7@==@H:?8]k^Am

kF=mk=:mkDEC@?8mw@>6 DECF4EFC6 2?5 =2J@FEik^DEC@?8m }6H6C 9@>6D H:E9 H:56C 92==H2JD 2?5 5@@CH2JD C6BF:C6 76H6C 6IA6?D:G6 2=E6C2E:@?D E92? @=56C 9@>6D H:E9 ?2CC@H A2DD286D]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m#68:@?2= =23@C 4@DEDik^DEC@?8m &C32? 2C62D EJA:42==J 492C86 >@C6 E92? CFC2= 4@>>F?:E:6D 7@C E96 D2>6 H@C<]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m|2E6C:2= BF2=:EJik^DEC@?8m (9:=6 3F586E\7C:6?5=J @AE:@?D 6I:DE[ :?G6DE:?8 :? 5FC23=6 >2E6C:2=D @7E6? AC@G6D >@C6 64@?@>:42= @G6C E:>6 D:?46 E96J =2DE =@?86C]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8mr@?EC24E@C 6IA6CE:D6ik^DEC@?8m $A64:2=:K65 28:?8\:?\A=246 4@?EC24E@CD >2J 492C86 >@C6 3FE 3C:?8 G2=F23=6 6IA6C:6?46 :? 4C62E:?8 67764E:G6 D@=FE:@?D]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m$4@A6 @7 H@C<ik^DEC@?8m qF?5=:?8 >F=E:A=6 >@5:7:42E:@?D :?E@ @?6 AC@;64E 42? C65F46 @G6C2== 4@DED 4@>A2C65 E@ A:646>62= :>AC@G6>6?ED]k^=:mk^F=m

kAm|65:42C6 EJA:42==J 5@6D?’E 4@G6C 9@>6 >@5:7:42E:@?D[ G:6H:?8 E96> 2D 9@>6 :>AC@G6>6?ED C2E96C E92? >65:42= ?646DD:E:6D] w@H6G6C[ @E96C 7:?2?4:2= 2DD:DE2?46 @AE:@?D 6I:DE] $@>6 DE2E6 |65:42:5 AC@8C2>D @776C 9@>6 >@5:7:42E:@? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>65:42:5]8@G^>65:42:5^9@>6\4@>>F?:EJ\32D65\D6CG:46D^9@>6\4@>>F?:EJ\32D65\D6CG:46D\2FE9@C:E:6D^9@>6\4@>>F?:EJ\32D65\D6CG:46D\`h`d4Qm4@G6C286 E9C@F89 H2:G6C AC@8C2>Dk^2m E@ 96=A A6@A=6 2G@:5 :?DE:EFE:@?2= 42C6]k^Am

kAm'6E6C2?D 42? 2446DD 8C2?ED E9C@F89 E96 s6A2CE>6?E @7 '6E6C2?D p772:CD’ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]G2]8@G^9@FD:?8\2DD:DE2?46^5:D23:=:EJ\9@FD:?8\8C2?ED^Qm$A64:2==J p52AE65 w@FD:?8 AC@8C2>k^2m[ H:E9 255:E:@?2= 7F?5D 2G2:=23=6 7@C E9@D6 H:E9 D6CG:46\4@??64E65 5:D23:=:E:6D] |2?J DE2E6D 2?5 =@42= 4@>>F?:E:6D @776C 2DD:DE2?46 AC@8C2>D 7@C @=56C A6@A=6 @? =@H :?4@>6D[ E9@F89 6=:8:3:=:EJ C6BF:C6>6?ED 2?5 2G2:=23=6 7F?5D G2CJ]k^Am

k9bmw@>6 r2C6 $6CG:46Dk^9bm

kAmx?\9@>6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^C65F46\DEC6DD\7@C\72>:=:6D^Qm42C6 D6CG:46D 2C6 6DD6?E:2=k^2m 7@C 28:?8 :? A=246[ 3FE 2C6 2 >2;@C @?8@:?8 6IA6?D6[ H:E9 4@DED C2?8:?8 7C@> >2?28623=6 E@ @G6CH96=>:?8 2D 42C6 ?665D :?4C62D6] &?56CDE2?5:?8 E96 5:776C6?E EJA6D @7 :?\9@>6 42C6 96=AD J@F A=2? 7@C H92E =:6D 29625]k^Am

k@=mk=:mkDEC@?8m!6CD@?2= 42C6 2DD:DE2?46ik^DEC@?8m w6=A H:E9 52:=J 24E:G:E:6D =:<6 32E9:?8[ 5C6DD:?8[ 8C@@>:?8[ E@:=6E:?8 2?5 >@3:=:EJ :D 6DD6?E:2= H96? A9JD:42= =:>:E2E:@?D >2<6 D6=7\42C6 492==6?8:?8]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8mr@>A2?:@?D9:A D6CG:46Dik^DEC@?8m q6J@?5 A9JD:42= 96=A[ E96D6 42C68:G6CD AC@G:56 9F>2? 4@??64E:@?[ :?4=F5:?8 D@4:2= 6?8286>6?E[ 4@?G6CD2E:@?[ =:89E 9@FD6<66A:?8 2?5 244@>A2?:>6?E E@ 2AA@:?E>6?ED[ 255C6DD:?8 AC24E:42= 2?5 6>@E:@?2= ?665D]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m#6DA:E6 42C6ik^DEC@?8m x7 72>:=J >6>36CD AC@G:56 >@DE @7 J@FC 42C6[ C6DA:E6 D6CG:46D 8:G6 E96> 6DD6?E:2= 3C62<D] %96:C 96=A AC6G6?ED 3FC?@FE[ >2<:?8 =@?8\E6C> 72>:=J 42C6 >@C6 DFDE2:?23=6]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m$A64:2=:K65 42C6ik^DEC@?8m (96? 562=:?8 H:E9 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^96=A\H:E9\56>6?E:2^Qm4@?5:E:@?D =:<6 56>6?E:2k^2m[ p=K96:>6C’D @C !2C<:?D@?’D[ J@F ?665 42C68:G6CD H:E9 DA64:7:4 EC2:?:?8[ 4@>>2?5:?8 AC6>:F> C2E6D 5F6 E@ C6BF:C65 6IA6CE:D6]k^=:mk^@=m

kAmr@DED 244F>F=2E6 @G6C E:>6[ DFCAC:D:?8 72>:=:6D H9@ :?:E:2==J E9:?< E96J ?665 >:?:>2= H66<=J 2DD:DE2?46] $E2CE:?8 H:E9 AC@76DD:@?2= 96=A 2 76H 52JD A6C H66< >:89E D66> 277@C523=6 H:E9:? 2 3F586E] w@H6G6C[ 42C6 ?665D C2C6=J C6>2:? DE2E:4] pD 23:=:E:6D 564=:?6[ E9@D6 =:>:E65 9@FCD 6IA2?5 E@ 52:=J 2DD:DE2?46[ E96? >F=E:A=6\52J G:D:ED[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^D:8?D\7@C\ac\f\42C6^QmA@E6?E:2==J C6249:?8 C@F?5\E96\4=@4< 42C6k^2m E92E 42? 6I4665 E96 4@DE @7 C6D:56?E:2= 42C6 724:=:E:6D]k^Am

kAmv6@8C2A9:4 =@42E:@? 2=D@ :>A24ED 42C6 4@DED[ H:E9 FC32? 2C62D EJA:42==J 492C8:?8 >@C6 E92? CFC2= C68:@?D] p86?4J\AC@G:565 42C6 4@DED >@C6 E92? 9:C:?8 :?56A6?56?E 42C68:G6CD[ 3FE @776CD 36?67:ED =:<6 324<FA 4@G6C286[ =:23:=:EJ :?DFC2?46 2?5 6>A=@J>6?E E2I 92?5=:?8] $@>6 286?4:6D @776C 7=2E 52:=J @C H66<=J C2E6D 7@C 4=:6?ED H9@ ?665 6IE6?565 9@FCD[ H9:49 42? 36 >@C6 277@C523=6 E92? 9@FC=J 3:==:?8]k^Am

kAmsF6 E@ E96D6 724E@CD[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^A2J:?8\7@C\9@>6\42C6^QmA=2??:?8 7@C :?\9@>6 42C6 4@DEDk^2m 42? 36 @G6CH96=>:?8] v@G6C?>6?E :?DFC2?46 >2J A2J 7@C :?\9@>6 42C6 D6CG:46D[ 3FE @?=J 7@C D6E 9@FCD A6C H66<] w@H6G6C[ E9:D >2J ?@E 36 DF77:4:6?E 2D 42C6 ?665D :?4C62D6] !C:G2E6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^5@6D\:?DFC2?46\A2J\7@C\9@>6\42C6^Qm:?DFC2?46 EJA:42==J @776CD >@C6 4@G6C286k^2m 3FE 4@DED >@C6] p55:E:@?2= 7:?2?4:2= C6D6CG6D[ =:<6 565:42E65 7F?5D @C 9@>6 6BF:EJ[ 96=A 6?DFC6 C@F?5\E96\4=@4< 42C6 H96? E96 E:>6 4@>6D]k^Am

k9bm%C2?DA@CE2E:@? 2?5 |@3:=:EJ }665Dk^9bm

kAm(96? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^D:8?D\E@\DE@A\5C:G:?8^QmJ@F 42? ?@ =@?86C 5C:G6 D276=Jk^2m[ EC2?DA@CE2E:@? 4@DED 364@>6 2 >2;@C >@?E9=J 6IA6?D6 E92E G2C:6D 32D65 @? H96C6 J@F =:G6[ 9@H @7E6? J@F ?665 E@ 8@ @FE 2?5 H96E96C J@F C6BF:C6 DA64:2= 244@>>@52E:@?D =:<6 H966=492:C\2446DD:3=6 G69:4=6D]k^Am

kAmv:G:?8 FA J@FC 42C <6JD :D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE 5:77:4F=E EC2?D:E:@?D :? 28:?8] %9:D 492?86 27764ED J@FC >@3:=:EJ[ :?56A6?56?46 2?5 DA@?E2?6:EJ] w@H6G6C[ E96C6 2C6 @E96C H2JD E@ 86E 2C@F?5 2D J@F 286]k^Am

k@=mk=:mkDEC@?8m#:56 D6CG:46Dik^DEC@?8m #68F=2C C:56 D6CG:46D 92G6 >256 86EE:?8 2C@F?5 62D:6C E92? :? E96 A2DE[ 3FE 4@DED 255 FA H96? J@F ?665 EC2?DA@CE2E:@? >F=E:A=6 E:>6D 2 H66< 7@C 8C@46C:6D[ >65:42= 2AA@:?E>6?ED 2?5 D@4:2= 24E:G:E:6D]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m|65:42= EC2?DA@CEik^DEC@?8m }@?6>6C86?4J >65:42= EC2?DA@CE D6CG:46D 492C86 AC6>:F> C2E6D[ A2CE:4F=2C=J 7@C H966=492:C\2446DD:3=6 G69:4=6D] x7 J@F C646:G6 C@FE:?6 EC62E>6?ED =:<6 5:2=JD:D @C A9JD:42= E96C2AJ[ J@F’== ?665 2 DF3DE2?E:2= EC2?DA@CE2E:@? 3F586E] (9:=6 D@>6 962=E9 :?DFC2?46 A=2?D @776C =:>:E65 EC2?DA@CE2E:@? 36?67:ED[ 4@G6C286 G2C:6D 2?5 FDF2==J :?4=F56D C6DEC:4E:@?D]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m!2C2EC2?D:E D6CG:46Dik^DEC@?8m |2?J 4@>>F?:E:6D @776C A2C2EC2?D:E D6CG:46D E9C@F89 E96:C AF3=:4 EC2?DA@CE2E:@? DJDE6>D[ AC@G:5:?8 5@@C\E@\5@@C D6CG:46 2E 277@C523=6 C2E6D] w@H6G6C[ E96D6 D6CG:46D 4@>6 H:E9 EC256\@77D] *@F’== ?665 E@ 3@@< C:56D :? 25G2?46[ H@C< 2C@F?5 =:>:E65 D4965F=:?8 H:?5@HD 2?5 @7E6? 2==@H 6IEC2 E:>6 7@C D92C65 C:56D H:E9 >F=E:A=6 DE@AD]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8msC:G:?8 >@5:7:42E:@?Dik^DEC@?8m x7 J@F 42? 5C:G6 H:E9 D@>6 >@5:7:42E:@?D[ 252AE:G6 6BF:A>6?E >:89E 6IE6?5 J@FC 5C:G:?8 J62CD] %96D6 >@5:7:42E:@?D :?4=F56 92?5 4@?EC@=D 7@C E9@D6 H:E9 =:>:E65 =68 >@3:=:EJ[ H966=492:C =:7ED 7@C G2? 2446DD @C DH:G6= D62ED E92E >2<6 86EE:?8 :? 2?5 @FE 62D:6C] %96D6 FA8C256D C6BF:C6 DF3DE2?E:2= FA\7C@?E :?G6DE>6?E 3FE 42? AC6D6CG6 J@FC :?56A6?56?46]k^=:mk^@=m

kAm|2?J A6@A=6 5@?’E 8C2DA E96 C:AA=6 67764ED @7 EC2?DA@CE2E:@? 492==6?86D 2?5 7@C86E E@ 3F586E 7@C E96D6 4@DED] p5F=E 49:=5C6? H@F=5 ?665 E@ C62CC2?86 E96:C H@C< D4965F=6D E@ 5C:G6 E96:C A2C6?ED E@ 2AA@:?E>6?ED[ A@E6?E:2==J 27764E:?8 E96:C 42C66CD 2?5 :?4@>6] u66=:?8D @7 =@?6=:?6DD @C :D@=2E:@? >:89E 4C66A :? H96? 86EE:?8 E@ D@4:2= D6EE:?8D[ =:<6 4@>>F?:EJ 46?E6CD @C 7C:6?5D’ 9@>6D[ 364@>6D E@@ 4@>A=:42E65 @C 6IA6?D:G6] %96 ADJ49@=@8:42= :>A24E @7 2D<:?8 7@C C:56D E@ 6G6CJ =:EE=6 @FE:?8 42? 27764E 2? @=56C 25F=E’D >6?E2= 962=E9 2?5 D6?D6 @7 D6=7]k^Am

k9bmw62=E9 r2C6 2?5 |65:42E:@? |2?286>6?Ek^9bm

kAm|2?28:?8 J@FC 962=E9 2E 9@>6 >62?D 562=:?8 H:E9 @?8@:?8 6IA6?D6D[ 7C@> AC6D4C:AE:@? 4@A2JD 2?5 >65:42= DFAA=:6D E@ E96 G2C:@FD D6CG:46D E92E 96=A J@F >2?286 4@>A=6I >65:42= ?665D] %96D6 4@DED 42? 766= @G6CH96=>:?8[ 6DA64:2==J H96? E96J <66A 8C@H:?8 J62C 27E6C J62C]k^Am

kAm%9:?< 23@FE 9@H 4@>A=:42E65 962=E9 42C6 364@>6D 2D J@F 286] *@F >:89E 36 ;F88=:?8 >2?J AC6D4C:AE:@?D[ 6249 H:E9 DA64:7:4 E:>:?8 2?5 C6BF:C6>6?ED] %9@D6 2FE@>2E65 A:== 5:DA6?D6CD H:E9 2=2C>D D66> 6IA6?D:G6 F?E:= J@F 4@?D:56C E96 4@DE @7 2 9@DA:E2= DE2J 7C@> >65:42E:@? 6CC@CD]k^Am

kAm!C@76DD:@?2= k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^D6?:@C\>65:42E:@?\>2?286>6?E^Qm>65:42E:@? >2?286>6?E D6CG:46Dk^2m[ H96C6 ?FCD6D @C A92C>24:DED @G6CD66 J@FC C68:>6?[ 364@>6 H@CE9 6G6CJ A6??J H96? J@F’C6 562=:?8 H:E9 4@>A=6I 5CF8 :?E6C24E:@?D @C 7C6BF6?E >65:42E:@? 492?86D]k^Am

kAm|65:42= DFAA=:6D 7@C 9@>6 FD6 2C6 2?@E96C 42E68@CJ @7 @?8@:?8 6IA6?D6Dik^Am

k@=mk=:mkDEC@?8m#68F=2C >@?:E@C:?8 6BF:A>6?Ek^DEC@?8m[ =:<6 3=@@5 AC6DDFC6 >@?:E@CD[ 8=F4@D6 >6E6CD 2?5 AF=D6 @I:>6E6CD]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8mr@?DF>23=6 DFAA=:6Dk^DEC@?8m DF49 2D E6DE:?8 DEC:AD[ =2?46ED[ H@F?5 42C6 >2E6C:2=D 2?5 :?4@?E:?6?46 AC@5F4ED]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m|@3:=:EJ 2:5Dk^DEC@?8m[ :?4=F5:?8 H2=<6CD[ 42?6D[ H966=492:CD 2?5 EC2?D76C 3@2C5D]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m$A64:2=:K65 6BF:A>6?Ek^DEC@?8m =:<6 9@DA:E2= 365D[ @IJ86? 4@?46?EC2E@CD 2?5 @E96C 5FC23=6 >65:42= 6BF:A>6?E]k^=:mk^@=m

kAm%96 82AD :? |65:42C6 4@G6C286 364@>6 2AA2C6?E H96? >2?28:?8 49C@?:4 4@?5:E:@?D 2E 9@>6] !C6D4C:AE:@? 4@G6C286 :?4=F56D 82AD E92E 42? C6DF=E :? @G6CH96=>:?8 @FE\@7\A@4<6E 6IA6?D6D[ 6DA64:2==J 7@C DA64:2=EJ >65:42E:@?D] %96 4@G6C286 4@>>@?=J <?@H? 2D E96 “5@?FE 9@=6” >62?D J@F >:89E A2J 7F== AC:46 7@C >65:42E:@?D 27E6C C6249:?8 46CE2:? DA6?5:?8 E9C6D9@=5D]k^Am

kAm!6C92AD E96 >@DE D:8?:7:42?E 4@G6C286 82AD :?G@=G6 D6CG:46D |65:42C6 5@6D?’E 4@G6C[ :?4=F5:?8ik^Am

kF=mk=:mkDEC@?8ms6?E2= 42C6[k^DEC@?8m :?4=F5:?8 56?EFC6D 2?5 :>A=2?ED]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m':D:@? 42C6k^DEC@?8m 36J@?5 32D:4 6I2>D[ :?4=F5:?8 8=2DD6D 2?5 EC62E>6?E 7@C 286\C6=2E65 4@?5:E:@?D]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8mw62C:?8 2:5Dk^DEC@?8m 7@C >2:?E2:?:?8 D@4:2= 4@??64E:@?D 2?5 4@8?:E:G6 7F?4E:@?]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8m{@?8\E6C> 4FDE@5:2= 42C6k^DEC@?8m E92E :?4=F56D 52:=J 2DD:DE2?46 3FE 5@6D?’E :?G@=G6 D<:==65 >65:42= 42C6]k^=:mk^F=m

kAmw@>6 962=E9 G:D:ED 7C@> D<:==65 ?FCD6D >2J 36 4@G6C65 3J |65:42C6 :7 @C56C65 3J 2 A9JD:4:2? 7@C DA64:7:4 >65:42= ?665D] w@H6G6C[ 4@G6C286 =:>:ED 2AA=J[ 2?5 D6CG:46D >FDE 36 :?E6C>:EE6?E C2E96C E92? 4@?E:?F@FD] ~?46 |65:42C6\4@G6C65 G:D:ED 6?5[ 72>:=:6D H9@ 49@@D6 E@ 4@?E:?F6 AC@76DD:@?2= >@?:E@C:?8 >FDE 4@G6C E96 6IA6?D:G6 AC:G2E6\5FEJ ?FCD:?8 4@DED E92E 42? C:G2= @C 6I4665 C6D:56?E:2= 42C6 724:=:EJ 766D]k^Am

k9bm$276EJ 2?5 t>6C86?4J $JDE6>Dk^9bm

kAmrC62E:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^9@>6\D276EJ^Qm2 D276EJ ?6E 7@C 28:?8 :? A=246k^2m >62?D :?G6DE:?8 :? DJDE6>D E92E H2E49 @G6C J@F H96? =@G65 @?6D 42?’E 36 E96C6] %96 :?:E:2= 6BF:A>6?E 4@DED 2?5 >@?E9=J >@?:E@C:?8 766D 255 FA[ 3FE E96D6 E649?@=@8:6D AC@G:56 E96 4@?7:56?46 E@ =:G6 :?56A6?56?E=J H9:=6 6?DFC:?8 96=A :D H:E9:? C6249]k^Am

kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^2AAD^Qm|65:42= 2=6CE DJDE6>D @776Ck^2m 277@C523=6 A6246 @7 >:?5[ 4@??64E:?8 J@F E@ 6>6C86?4J 96=A 2E E96 AFD9 @7 2 3FEE@?] w@H6G6C[ E96 32D:4 >@56=D @?=J H@C< H:E9:? E96 C2?86 @7 J@FC 9@>6 32D6] x7 J@F’C6 24E:G6 2?5 6?;@J 82C56?:?8[ H2=<:?8 E96 ?6:893@C9@@5 @C CF??:?8 6CC2?5D[ >@3:=6 DJDE6>D H:E9 v!$ EC24<:?8 364@>6 6DD6?E:2=] %96J 4@DE >@C6[ 3FE @776C AC@E64E:@? H96C6G6C J@F 8@]k^Am

kAm|@56C? D276EJ E649?@=@8J @AE:@?D :?4=F56ik^Am

k@=mk=:m|65:42E:@? C6>:?56C DJDE6>D]k^=:mk=:mu2== 56E64E:@? DJDE6>D E92E 2FE@>2E:42==J 2=6CE 6>6C86?4J D6CG:46D]k^=:mk=:m|@E:@? D6?D@CD E92E =62C? 52:=J A2EE6C?D 2?5 2=6CE 42C68:G6CD E@ 4@?46C?:?8 492?86D :? C@FE:?6]k^=:mk=:m$>2CE 9@>6 :?E68C2E:@? =:<6 G@:46\4@?EC@==65 DJDE6>D 7@C =:89ED[ E6>A6C2EFC6 2?5 6>6C86?4J 42==D]k^=:mk=:mw@>6 D64FC:EJ H:E9 762EFC6D =:<6 D>2CE =@4<D 2?5 EH@\H2J 4@>>F?:42E:@?[ 6?23=:?8 C6>@E6 72>:=J 4964<\:?D]k^=:mk^@=m

kAmx?G6DE:?8 :? 4@>AC696?D:G6 D276EJ DJDE6>D C6BF:C6D >@56DE E@ >@56C2E6 >@?E9=J 766D E92E 255 FA 2??F2==J] x?DFC2?46 C2C6=J 4@G6CD E96D6 AC6G6?E:G6 E649?@=@8:6D[ G:6H:?8 E96> 2D =:76DEJ=6 49@:46D C2E96C E92? >65:42= ?646DD:E:6D] w@H6G6C[ E96:C AC@E64E:@? @7E6? 6?23=6D A6@A=6 E@ 286 :? A=246 J62CD =@?86C E92? H@F=5 @E96CH:D6 36 A@DD:3=6]k^Am

k9bmw@FD69@=5 |2:?E6?2?46 2?5 #6A2:CDk^9bm

kAm~?6 @7 E96 92C56DE C62=:K2E:@?D 23@FE 28:?8 2E 9@>6 :D 2446AE:?8 E92E E2D<D J@F’G6 92?5=65 7@C 564256D ?@H C6BF:C6 9:C:?8 96=A] %96D6 9@FD69@=5 >2:?E6?2?46 4@DED 4C66A FA 8C25F2==J[ 364@>:?8 6DD6?E:2= >@?E9=J 6IA6?D6D E92E :>A24E J@FC 3F586E]k^Am

kAm%96 D6CG:46D J@F’== =:<6=J ?665 :?4=F56ik^Am

k@=mk=:m#68F=2C 2?5 566A 4=62?:?8]k^=:mk=:m$62D@?2= J2C5 H@C<]k^=:mk=:m|:?@C C6A2:CD]k^=:mk=:m!C6G6?E:G6 >2:?E6?2?46]k^=:mk=:mt>6C86?4J C6A2:CD]k^=:mk^@=m

kAms676CC:?8 >2:?E6?2?46 C6DF=ED :? 9:896C 4@DED 7C@> >@C6 6IE6?D:G6 C6A2:CD] %92E >:?@C C@@7 =62< 364@>6D D:8?:7:42?E H2E6C 52>286[ 2?5 E96 4=@8865 8FEE6C 42FD6D 7@F?52E:@? AC@3=6>D] !C@76DD:@?2= >2:?E6?2?46 >:89E D66> 6IA6?D:G6[ 3FE :E AC6G6?ED 42E2DEC@A9:4 72:=FC6D E92E 4@F=5 >2<6 J@FC 9@>6 F?D276 7@C 28:?8 :? A=246]k^Am

k9bm(92E &?6IA64E65 tIA6?D6D $9@F=5 u2>:=:6D !C6A2C6 u@Cnk^9bm

kAm}@ >2EE6C 9@H 42C67F==J J@F A=2? 7@C 28:?8 :? A=246[ =:76 E9C@HD 4FCG632==D E92E 42? :>A24E 6G6? E96 >@DE >6E:4F=@FD 3F586ED] %92E’D H9J J@F ?665 2 DF3DE2?E:2= 6>6C86?4J 7F?5]k^Am

kAmr@>>@? F?6IA64E65 4@DED :?4=F56ik^Am

k@=mk=:mkDEC@?8mw62=E9\C6=2E65 6>6C86?4:6Dik^DEC@?8m %96D6 :?4=F56 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^A@DE\DFC86CJ\42C6^Qm6>6C86?4J DFC86CJ 2?5 C64@G6CJk^2m[ 72==D C6BF:C:?8 6IE6?565 C6923:=:E2E:@?[ DF556? @?D6E 4@?5:E:@?D =:<6 DEC@<6[ 4@8?:E:G6 492?86D C6BF:C:?8 C2A:5 25;FDE>6?ED E@ 42C6 A=2?D 2?5 4@>A=:42E:@?D 7C@> 49C@?:4 4@?5:E:@?D]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8mtBF:A>6?E 72:=FC6D 2?5 C6A=246>6?EDik^DEC@?8m (966=492:C @C >@3:=:EJ 2:5D 4@F=5 72:=[ DE2:C =:7ED 4@F=5 3C62< 5@H? 2?5 9@DA:E2= 365D 4@F=5 >2=7F?4E:@?[ C6DF=E:?8 :? D:8?:7:42?E 6>6C86?4J C6A2:C @C C6A=246>6?E 6IA6?D6D]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8mw@>6 6>6C86?4:6Dik^DEC@?8m *@FC 9@>6 DJDE6>D[ =:<6 A=F>3:?8[ 6=64EC:42=[ 962E:?8 2?5 4@@=:?8[ 4@F=5 72:= 2?5 C6BF:C6 :>>65:2E6 C6A2:C @C C6A=246>6?E]k^=:mk=:mkDEC@?8mu2>:=J :>A24E 4@DEDik^DEC@?8m %96D6 6IA6?D6D :?4=F56 72>:=J >6>36CD’ =@DE H286D H96? E96J E2<6 6>6C86?4J =62G6[ E96 6IA6?D6 @7 E6>A@C2CJ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^H96?\E@\4@?D:56C\C6DA:E6\42C6^QmC6DA:E6 42C6 H96? AC:>2CJ 42C68:G6CDk^2m 7246 E96:C @H? 6>6C86?4:6D 2?5 DEC6DD\C6=2E65 962=E9 :DDF6D :? 72>:=J 42C68:G6CD]k^=:mk^@=m

k9bmw@H r2? u2>:=:6D !=2? 7@C E96 w:556? r@DED @7 p8:?8 :? !=246nk^9bm

kAmu:?2?4:2= A=2??:?8 7@C 28:?8 2E 9@>6 >:89E 766= @G6CH96=>:?8[ 3FE E2<:?8 :E DE6A 3J DE6A >2<6D :E >2?28623=6] %96 <6J :D DE2CE:?8 367@C6 J@F ?665 96=A[ 36:?8 9@?6DE 23@FE H92E =:6D 29625 2?5 <?@H:?8 H96C6 E@ EFC? 7@C 8F:52?46] (:E9 E96 C:89E 2AAC@249[ J@F 42? 4C62E6 2 A=2? E92E AC@E64ED J@FC :?56A6?56?46 2?5 7:?2?4:2= D64FC:EJ]k^Am

k7:8FC6mk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]DE24<6C]4@>^H^`ag_^:>286D^DE@C:6D^a_ad^`_^_d^9@H\42?\72>:=:6D\A=2?\7@C\E96\9:556?\4@DED\@7\28:?8\:?\A=246];A68Q 2=ElQx?7@8C2A9:4 6IA=2:?:?8 9@H 72>:=:6D 42? A=2? 7@C E96 4@DED @7 28:?8 :? A=246]Q DEJ=6lQH:5E9i `__TQ ^mk7:842AE:@?m':==286 r2C68:G:?8k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m

kAmw6C6’D 9@H E@ 3F:=5 J@FC C@25>2A 7@C 28:?8 :? A=246]k^Am

k9bm`] $E2CE u:?2?4:2= !=2??:?8 t2C=Jk^9bm

kAmx7 J@F’C6 :? J@FC d_D @C e_D[ E9:D :D E96 A6C764E E:>6 E@ 6IA=@C6 =@?8\E6C> 42C6 :?DFC2?46 H9:=6 J@F 42? DE:== BF2=:7J 7@C C62D@?23=6 C2E6D 2?5 J@FC 962=E9 2==@HD @AE:@?D] x7 J@F’C6 :? J@FC c_D[ J@F >2J 86E 6G6? 36EE6C C2E6D 2?5 BF2=:7J 7@C 36EE6C @AE:@?D] |@C6 :>A@CE2?E=J[ 62C=J A=2??:?8 8:G6D J@F E:>6 7@C E9@D6 5:77:4F=E 3FE ?646DD2CJ 72>:=J 4@?G6CD2E:@?D]k^Am

kAm%2=<:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^E2=<:?8\23@FE\9@>6\42C6^Qm23@FE 7FEFC6 42C6 ?665Dk^2m H96? 6G6CJ@?6’D 42=> 2?5 962=E9J =625D E@ 36EE6C 564:D:@?D E92? 4C:D:D\5C:G6? A=2??:?8] *@FC 49:=5C6?[ 4=@D6 7C:6?5D[ D:3=:?8D[ 4@FD:?D @C @E96C 72>:=J >6>36CD ?665 E@ F?56CDE2?5 J@FC AC676C6?46D[ 2?5 J@F ?665 E@ <?@H H92E DFAA@CE E96J 42? AC@G:56]k^Am

k9bma] pDD6DD E96 w@>6 2?5 w62=E9 }665Dk^9bm

kAm|2<6 2??F2= 9@>6 D276EJ 6G2=F2E:@?D 2D C@FE:?6 2D J@FC >65:42= 4964<FAD] (2=< E9C@F89 J@FC 9@>6 H:E9 7C6D9 6J6D @C 92G6 2? @44FA2E:@?2= E96C2A:DE 5@ :E H:E9 J@F] %96J H:== ?@E:46 A@E6?E:2= D276EJ :DDF6D[ DF49 2D 2 32E9C@@> H:E9 ?@ 2446DD:3:=:EJ >@5:7:42E:@?D]k^Am

kAmx7 J@F 42?[ 86E C68F=2C D4C66?:?8D 7@C p=K96:>6C’D[ 42?46C @C @E96C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^>2?28:?8\9JA6CE6?D:@?^Qm49C@?:4 :==?6DD6D =:<6 9JA6CE6?D:@?k^2m E@ F?56CDE2?5 J@FC 492?46D @7 56G6=@A:?8 E96D6 4@?5:E:@?D 2D J@F 286] (@C< H:E9 J@FC 5@4E@CD E@ F?56CDE2?5 9@H 49C@?:4 4@?5:E:@?D >:89E AC@8C6DD] z?@H=6586 :D 6>A@H6C:?8 2D :E 96=AD J@F A=2? AC@24E:G6=J C2E96C E92? C624E E@ 4C:D6D]k^Am

k9bmb] #6D62C49 uF?5:?8 $@FC46Dk^9bm

kAm{@@< 7@C >F=E:A=6 7F?5:?8 D@FC46D E@ 96=A 2==6G:2E6 E96 7:?2?4:2= DEC6DD @7 28:?8] x7 J@F’C6 2 G6E6C2? @C DFCG:G:?8 DA@FD6[ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]G2]8@G^A6?D:@?^2:5\2EE6?52?46\9@FD63@F?5^Qmp:5 2?5 pEE6?52?46 36?67:Ek^2m 4@F=5 AC@G:56 DF3DE2?E:2= >@?E9=J 96=A] tG6CJ DE2E6 92D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>65:42:5]8@G^>65:42:5^D64E:@?\```d\56>@^56>@?DEC2E:@?\2?5\H2:G6C\=:DEQm5:776C6?E |65:42:5 H2:G6C AC@8C2>Dk^2m E@ 96=A <66A A6@A=6 2E 9@>6 C2E96C E92? :? 724:=:E:6D] *@FC k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^24=]8@G^AC@8C2>D^28:?8\2?5\5:D23:=:EJ\?6EH@C<D^2C62\286?4:6D\28:?8Qm=@42= pC62 p86?4J @? p8:?8k^2m 42? 36 2 8@=5 >:?6 @7 :?7@C>2E:@? 23@FE AC@8C2>D J@F’G6 ?6G6C 962C5 @7]k^Am

kAm*@F >2J BF2=:7J 7@C AC@A6CEJ E2I 6I6>AE:@?D[ FE:=:EJ 2DD:DE2?46 @C G@=F?E66C C6A2:C AC@8C2>D] w@H6G6C[ J@F’== ?665 E@ 5:8 E@ 7:?5 E96D6 C6D@FC46D] *@F D9@F=5 2=D@ =@@< 7@Cik^Am

kF=mk=:m}:496 :?DFC2?46 4@G6C286D E92E 4@F=5 AC@G:56 255:E:@?2= 36?67:ED]k^=:mk=:mx?G6DE>6?E @C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^>@?6J\D2G:?8\E:AD\7@C\D6?:@CD^QmD2G:?8D 7F?5D E92E AC@G:56k^2m 6I46==6?E :?E6C6DE C2E6D 7@C 25565 6>6C86?4J C6D6CG6D]k^=:mk=:ms65:42E65 7@@5 @C D@4:2= C6D@FC46D 7C@> =@42= 4@>>F?:EJ @C C6=:8:@FD 46?E6CD]k^=:mk^F=m

kAmr@?D:56C E9:D C6D62C49 E:>6 2? :?G6DE>6?E E92E 4@F=5 D2G6 E9@FD2?5D]k^Am

k9bmc] qF:=5 2? t>6C86?4J uF?5k^9bm

kAmq6J@?5 J@FC C68F=2C C6E:C6>6?E D2G:?8D[ J@F ?665 2 D6A2C2E6 7F?5 DA64:7:42==J 7@C 28:?8\C6=2E65 6IA6?D6D] $6E 2D:56 2E =62DE 2 J62C @7 A@E6?E:2= 42C6 4@DED[ :?56A6?56?E @7 J@FC 9@>6 6BF:EJ] %9:D 7F?5 3FJD J@F E:>6 E@ >2<6 E9@F89E7F= 564:D:@?D C2E96C E92? 56DA6C2E6 49@:46D] xE AC6G6?ED 2 E6>A@C2CJ 4C:D:D 7C@> 364@>:?8 2 A6C>2?6?E 492?86 :? =:G:?8 D:EF2E:@?] s6A6?5:?8 @? 9@H 62C=J J@F DE2CE D2G:?8 2?5 H92E :?G6DE>6?E E@@= J@F FD6[ J@F 4@F=5 3F:=5 FA 2? 28:?8 42C6 7F?5 @7 FA E@ 2 564256]k^Am

kAmx7 J@F @H? 2 9@>6[ F?56CDE2?5 J@FC @AE:@?D 7@C 2446DD:?8 6BF:EJ :7 ?66565[ H96E96C E9C@F89 2 C6G6CD6 >@CE8286 @C 9@>6 6BF:EJ =:?6] w@H6G6C[ E96D6 D9@F=5 36 324<FA A=2?D[ ?@E AC:>2CJ DEC2E68:6D] r2D9 C6D6CG6D 8:G6 J@F @AE:@?D 2?5 E:>6 E@ >2<6 8@@5 564:D:@?D 5FC:?8 DEC6DD7F= D:EF2E:@?D]k^Am

k9bmd] r@?DF=E !C@76DD:@?2=Dk^9bm

kAm*@F H@F=5?’E ECJ E@ 5:28?@D6 J@FC @H? >65:42= 4@?5:E:@?D[ D@ H9J ?2G:82E6 4@>A=6I 28:?8 7:?2?46D 2=@?6n p 46CE:7:65 7:?2?4:2= A=2??6C DA64:2=:K:?8 :? C6E:C6>6?E 96=AD J@F D66 E96 7F== A:4EFC6 2?5 AC@E64E J@FC 2DD6ED H9:=6 2446DD:?8 2G2:=23=6 36?67:ED] v6C:2EC:4 42C6 >2?286CD <?@H =@42= C6D@FC46D[ F?56CDE2?5 42C6 @AE:@?D 2?5 42? 4@@C5:?2E6 D6CG:46D H96? J@F’C6 @G6CH96=>65]k^Am

kAmt=56C =2H 2EE@C?6JD 6?DFC6 J@FC =682= 5@4F>6?ED AC@E64E J@FC H:D96D 2?5 2DD6ED] p55:E:@?2==J[ 4@?DF=E:?8 AC@76DD:@?2= 9@>6 42C6 AC@G:56CD @? E96:C 492C86D 2?5 D6CG:46D 96=AD J@F A=2? 7@C 255:E:@?2= 42C6 H96? E96 E:>6 4@>6D @C C6DA:E6 42C6 E@ C6=:6G6 72>:=J 42C68:G6CD] %96D6 4@?DF=E2E:@?D 2C6 H@CE9 E96 :?G6DE>6?E[ AC6G6?E:?8 6IA6?D:G6 >:DE2<6D 2?5 :56?E:7J:?8 C6D@FC46D J@F’5 ?6G6C 7:?5 2=@?6]k^Am

k9bmu:?2?4:2==J !=2? E@ p86 :? !=246k^9bm

kAmp8:?8 :? A=246 @776CD E96 AC@7@F?5 4@>7@CE @7 C6>2:?:?8 :? 72>:=:2C DFCC@F?5:?8D H9:=6 >2:?E2:?:?8 :?56A6?56?46 2?5 496C:D965 C@FE:?6D] w@H6G6C[ E96 7:?2?4:2= C62=:EJ @7 28:?8 2E 9@>6 6IE6?5D 36J@?5 >@CE8286 A2J>6?ED[ 6?4@>A2DD:?8 DF3DE2?E:2= 9:556? 4@DED E92E C6BF:C6 42C67F= A=2??:?8 2?5 C62=:DE:4 3F586E:?8] uC@> 9@>6 42C6 D6CG:46D E@ F?6IA64E65 D:EF2E:@?D[ E96D6 6IA6?D6D 42? DEC2:? 6G6? H6==\AC6A2C65 72>:=:6D]k^Am

kAmqJ DE2CE:?8 J@FC 7:?2?4:2= A=2??:?8 62C=J[ 2DD6DD:?8 J@FC ?665D[ C6D62C49:?8 2G2:=23=6 C6D@FC46D 2?5 3F:=5:?8 565:42E65 7:?2?4:2= C6D6CG6D[ J@F 42? >2<6 564:D:@?D E92E 9@?@C J@FC AC676C6?46D H9:=6 6?DFC:?8 7:?2?4:2= D64FC:EJ]k^Am

kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^3=@8^E96\9:556?\4@DED\@7\28:?8\:?\A=246^Qmk6>m%9:D DE@CJk^6>mk^2m k6>mH2D AC@5F465 3Jk^6>m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^G:==28642C68:G:?8]4@>^Qmk6>m':==286 r2C68:G:?8k^6>mk^2m k6>m2?5 C6G:6H65 2?5 5:DEC:3FE65 3Jk^6>m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^9F3D]=2^"_b<=8$#_Q C6=lQ?@7@==@HQmk6>m$E24<6Ck^6>mk^2m]k^Am