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There is no American music that doesn’t have Black roots. From country-western, which draws upon banjo music from Africa, to rock ‘n’ roll, begun by a Black woman playing electric guitar in 1938, American music can’t be separated out from its rich history of diversity and experimentation.
Every artist transforms his or her medium simply by working in it, and it so follows that every musician changes the art form slightly just by creating and performing songs. But throughout American history, there are examples of artists who have been so transformative as to change musical genres themselves. Other times, artists unwittingly create new genres—whether Fela Kuti with Afrobeat, Frankie Knuckles with house music, or Fats Domino with ska.
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- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: 1868 (approximate—actual birth date unknown)
- Died: April 1, 1917
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 4, 1901
- Died: July 6, 1971
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 15, 1894
- Died: Sept. 26, 1937
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- Anthony Barboza // Getty Images
- Born: May 8, 1911
- Died: Aug. 16, 1938
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- Delta Haze Corporation // Wikimedia Commons
- Born: March 20, 1915
- Died: Oct. 9, 1973
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- Tony Evans/Timelapse Library Ltd. // Getty Images
- Born: April 29, 1899
- Died: May 24, 1974
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “|@@5 x?5:8@” W`hb_Xk^Am
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 7, 1915
- Died: July 17, 1959
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: July 8, 1908
- Died: Feb. 4, 1975
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 10, 1917
- Died: Feb. 17, 1982
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- David Redfern // Getty Images
- Born: March 17, 1919
- Died: February 15, 1965
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- Imagno // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 25, 1938
- Died: Jan. 20, 2012
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- Andrew Putler// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 16, 1925
- Died: May 14, 2015
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- Estate Of Keith Morris // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 18, 1926
- Died: March 18, 2017
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kAmq6CCJ’D 2D46?E 42>6 2E E96 4@DE @7 9:> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@=:E:4@]4@>^>282K:?6^DE@CJ^a_`f^_b^E96\A@=:E:4D\@7\36:?8\49F4<\36CCJ\a`chbcQmDH2==@H:?8 9:D A6CDA64E:G6D @? C24:2= E6?D:@?Dk^2m @7 E96 E:>6 2?5 65:E:?8 D@?8 =JC:4D E@ >2<6 E96> >@C6 A2=A23=6 7@C H9:E6 2F5:6?46D] x? “y@9??J q] v@@56[” 7@C 6I2>A=6[ q6CCJ DH2AA65 E96 A9C2D6 “4@=@C65 3@J” 7@C “4@F?ECJ 3@J”—E96C63J 492?8:?8 E96 >62?:?8 7C@> 2? 2FE@3:@8C2A9:42= =:?6 E@ 2 >@C6 86?6C2=:K65 2?E96> 7@C p>6C:42’D J@FE9]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1930
- Died: June 10, 2004
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “(92E’5 x $2J !2CED ` U2>Aj a” W`hdhXk^Am
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kAmp 3=:?5 A:2?@ G:CEF@D@ H9@ 4@F=5 A=2J 3=F6D[ C@4<[ ;2KK[ 2?5 4@F?ECJ (6DE6C? W@7E6? >F=E:A=6 2E E96 D2>6 E:>6X[ #2J r92C=6D H2D 2 ECF6 EC2:=3=2K6C 7@C D@F= >FD:4[ D:?8=6\92?565=J D92A:?8 E96 86?C6 H:E9 4=2DD:4D 7C@> “w:E E96 #@25 y24<” E@ “*@F s@?’E z?@H |6” 2?5 :?;64E:?8 E96 86?C6 :?E@ 4@F?ECJ\H6DE6C? >FD:4] w:D 42C66C DA2??65 >@C6 E92? 92=7 2 46?EFCJ H:E9 DFCC62= 244@=256D :?4=F5:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^C2J\492C=6DQm`f vC2>>JDk^2m 2?5 92G:?8 9:D C6?5:E:@? @7 “v6@C8:2 @? |J |:?5” 36:?8 ?2>65 E96 @77:4:2= DE2E6 D@?8 @7 v6@C8:2]k^Am
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- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Born: May 26, 1926
- Died: Sept. 28, 1991
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “$@ (92E” W`hdhXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i sF2?6 p==>2?[ {6DE6C q2?8D[ qC:2? t?@[ %:> qF4<=6J[ #:4< y2>6D[ u=62[ !C:?46k^Am
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- Jack Vartoogian // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 21, 1933
- Died: April 21, 2003
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- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 26, 1928
- Died: Oct. 24, 2017
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “p:?’E %92E p $92>6” W`hddXk^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 22, 1931
- Died: Dec. 11, 1964
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “p r92?86 xD v@??2 r@>6” W`hecXk^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: June 3, 1942
- Died: Dec. 26, 1999
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bcbg^36DE\6>>J\?@>:?2E65\D9@HD\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE t>>J ?@>:?2E65 D9@HD @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Founding members: O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley and Ronald Isley
- Essential listening: “Go for Your Guns” (1977)
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- Chris Ware // Getty Images
- Born: March 26, 1944
- Essential listening: “I’m Coming Out” (1980)
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- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Born: May 13, 1950
- Essential listening: “Sir Duke” (1976)
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- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: May 3, 1933
- Died: Dec. 25, 2006
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kAmqC@H? 2=D@ 3C@F89E @FE 9:D 42A6 3:E 7@C E9:D EF?6 H96? 96 A6C7@C>65 :E Wk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{"5|+`BC?e<Qm2 D49E:4< E92E 92D E@ 36 D66? E@ 36 ECF=J 2AAC64:2E65k^2mX[ :? H9:49 96 CF?D 9:>D6=7 C28865 @? DE286 F?E:= 2 42A6 :D AFE @G6C 9:D D9@F=56CD 2?5 qC@H? :D 8F:565 2H2J—@?=J 7@C qC@H? E@ E@DD E96 42A6 @77 :? 5C2>2E:4 72D9:@? 2?5 C6EFC? E@ E96 >:4C@A9@?6] %96 D46?6 E9C:==65 2F5:6?46D 2?5 H2D @?6 96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlve$B5p&BH'HQmC6A62E65 E9C@F89@FE 9:D 564256D\DA2??:?8 42C66Ck^2m] p?5[ A6C92AD >@DE E6==:?8=J[ C64@C5 =236=D 2E 7:CDE H6C6 D@ AFE @77 3J E96 8C:EE:?6DD @7 E96 D@?8 H96? 96 3682? A6C7@C>:?8 :E :? `hdc E92E qC@H? H6?E F?D:8?65 F?E:= `hde H96? z:?8 #64@C5D E@@< 2 492?46 2?5 D6E E96 w2C56DE (@C<:?8 |2? :? $9@H qFD:?6DD :? >@E:@? 2?5[ 2C8F23=J[ 492?865 D@F= >FD:4 7@C6G6C H9:=6 D6EE:?8 E96 DE286 7@C 2 ?6H 86?C6 @7 >FD:4 42==65 9:A\9@A]k^Am
- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: April 2, 1939
- Died: April 1, 1984
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kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i %96 (66<?5[ #@3:? %9:4<6[ %96 #@==:?8 $E@?6D[ p=:4:2 z6JD[ ~FE<2DE[ $62=[ v?2C=D q2C<=6J[ %96 q2?5[ pC6E92 uC2?<=:?[ %96 $EC@<6D[ s:2?2 #@DDk^Am
kAm$@F= 2CE:DE |2CG:? v2J6’D :?7=F6?46 42? 36 962C5 :? >@56C?\52J EC24<D 3J #@3:? %9:4<6 W“q=FCC65 {:?6D”X[ %96 (66<?5 W“%96 |FD:4”X[ 2?5 q:=2= W“{@G6 xE”X] %96 E2=6?E65 >FD:4:2? 5:5 >@C6 E92? HC:E6 9:D @H? EF?6D DE:== 25@C65 E@52Ji w6 H2D 2=D@ C6DA@?D:3=6 7@C >2DD:G6 9:ED 7@C %96 |2CG6=6EE6D[ |2CE92 U2>Aj %96 '2?56==2D[ 2?5 5:5 AC@5F4E:@? H@C< 7@C v=25JD z?:89E U2>Aj %96 !:AD 2?5 r9C:D r=2C< 2?5 E96 ~C:8:?2=D] w:D `hf` 2=3F> “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AC]@C8^a_``^_d^a`^`becdhage^>2CG:?\82J6D\H92ED\8@:?8\@?\D@?8D\H6\=@G6Qm(92E’D v@:?8 ~?k^2m” :D H:56=J F?56CDE@@5 E@ 36 @?6 @7 E96 >@DE EC2?D7@C>2E:G6[ :>A@CE2?E 2=3F>D @7 E96 6?E:C6 a_E9 46?EFCJ]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^b_fa^42?\J@F\2?DH6C\E96D6\C62=\;6@A2C5J\BF6DE:@?D\23@FE\EG\D9@HDQmr2? J@F 2?DH6C E96D6 C62= Vy6@A2C5JPV BF6DE:@?D 23@FE %' D9@HDnk^2mk^Am
- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Original members: David Ruffin (main lead singer), Paul Williams (secondary lead singer), Eddie Kendricks (first tenor lead singer), Melvin Franklin (bass lead singer)
- Essential listening: “My Girl” (1964)
kAm\ (9@ E96J :?DA:C65i %96 y24<D@? d[ |24J vC2J[ p= vC66?[ %96 !@:?E6C $:DE6CD[ %96 s@@3:6 qC@E96CDk^Am
kAm#U2>Ajq >682DE2CD %96 %6>AE2E:@?D H6C6 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^E6>AE2E:@?DQm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6 :? `hghk^2m 2?5 H6C6 C2E65 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:==3@2C5]4@>^492CED^8C62E6DE\C\3\9:A\9@A\2CE:DEDQmR` #U2>Ajq^w:A\w@A pCE:DED @7 p== %:>6k^2m 3J q:==3@2C5 |282K:?6] %96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>@E@H?>FD6F>]@C8^>@E@H?\D@F?5^E96\2CE:DED^E6>AE2E:@?D^Qm%6>AE2E:@?D’ :?7=F6?46k^2m @G6C D@F= >FD:4 2?5 #U2>Ajq 92D 366? 4@>A2C65 E@ E92E @7 E96 q62E=6D @G6C A@A 2?5 C@4<[ 2?5 E96:C 52?46 >@G6D 2?5 D:?8:?8 :?DA:C65 6G6CJ@?6 27E6C E96> 7C@> 3@J 32?5D E@ D@=@ 24ED]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1926
- Died: July 17, 1967
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “x?5:2” W`hebXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ uC2?< +2AA2[ y:>: w6?5C:I[ %96 qJC5Dk^Am
kAmw:DE@CJ’D >@DE :>A@CE2?E E6?@C D2I@A9@?:DE y@9? r@=EC2?6 5:5 >@C6 E92? EFC? ;2KK @? :ED 9625i xE 4C62E65 2 H9@=6 ?6H >FD:42= 86?C6 42==65 ADJ49656=:4 C@4<] %96 qJC5D[ H9@ HC@E6 “t:89E |:=6D w:89”—H:56=J C682C565 2D E96 7:CDE ADJ49656=:4 C@4< D@?8—E@@< 2 5:C64E 4F6 7C@> r@=EC2?6’D 2=3F>D “p7C:42^qC2DD” 2?5 “x>AC6DD:@?D[” DA64:7:42==J E96 EC24< “x?5:2” 7C@> E96 =2EE6C]k^Am
- JP Jazz Archive // Getty Images
- Born: March 25, 1942
- Died: Aug. 16, 2018
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “x }6G6C {@G65 2 |2? W%96 (2J x =@G65 *@FX” W`hefXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i y6??:76C wF5D@?[ {FE96C '2?5C@DD[ r92<2 z92?[ (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ p>J (:?69@FD6k^Am
kAmp?J@?6 H:E9 2 D6E @7 62CD 4@F=5 92G6 <?@H? :? `hde E92E `c\J62C\@=5 pC6E92 uC2?<=:? H2D 8@:?8 E@ 36 2 DE2C H96? D96 H2D C64@C565 =:G6 3J y\'\q C64@C5D D:?8:?8 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{$dx>3G2DA"Qm*@F vC@H r=@D6Ck^2m” 2E }6H q6E96= q2AE:DE r9FC49 :? s6EC@:E WE96 4@>A=6E6 C64@C5:?8D H6C6 C6=62D65 :? `hed 3J r964<6C #64@C5:?8DX] yFDE D:I J62CD =2E6C[ D96 H2D =2J:?8 5@H? 3=F6D 2?5 3:8\32?5 EC24<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlx@~%pHJ<=~_Qm}@3@5J {:<6 *@Fk^2m” E92E H@F=5 D6E 96C :?6G:E23=6 2D46?52?4J E@ 2 4F=EFC2= :4@? H:E9 2 D6G6?\564256 42C66C DA2??:?8 8@DA6=[ D@F=[ #U2>Ajq[ A@A[ C@4<[ 2?5 G:CEF2==J 6G6CJE9:?8 :? 36EH66?] x? `hgf[ D96 3642>6 E96 7:CDE H@>2? :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Nov. 27, 1942
- Died: Sept. 18, 1970
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “{:EE=6 (:?8” W`hefXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i y677 q64<[ !C:?46[ y@9? |2J6C[ z:C< w2>>6EE[ xD=6J qC@E96CDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@==:?8DE@?6]4@>^>FD:4^>FD:4\=:DED^;:>:\96?5C:I\`_\8C62E\AC6\72>6\EC24<D\`adhbc^Qmy:>: w6?5C:Ik^2m 8C6H FA =:DE6?:?8 E@ qF55J vFJ[ |F55J (2E6CD[ 2?5 ;2KK >FD:4[ 2== @7 H9:49 2C6 2F5:3=6 :? 9:D 62C=J C64@C5:?8D] x? 255:E:@? E@ 36:?8 @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE 8F:E2C A=2J6CD E@ 6G6C =:G6[ 96 H2D 2=D@ @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE A6C7@C>6CD] w6?5C:I H2D ?@E@C:@FD 7@C A=2J:?8 8F:E2C H:E9 9:D E66E9[ D6EE:?8 :?DECF>6?ED @? 7:C6[ 2?5 D>2D9:?8 E96> @? DE286] w6 E@@< 492?46D H:E9 >FD:4 ?@ @?6 925 E2<6? 367@C6 2?5 A2G65 E96 H2J 7@C 7FEFC6 :??@G2E@CD =:<6 !C:?46]k^Am
- Evening Standard // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 6, 1945
- Died: May 11, 1981
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kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i x>>@CE2= %649?:BF6[ %96 !@=:46[ +24 qC@H? q2?5[ +:88J |2C=6Jk^Am
kAmq@3 |2C=6J D@=5 >@C6 E92? a_ >:==:@? C64@C5D 2?5 8@6D 5@H? :? 9:DE@CJ 2D 36:?8 E96 7:CDE H@C=5H:56 DF446DD E@ 4@>6 7C@> E96 “%9:C5 (@C=5]” pD 2? 2>32DD25@C 7@C C68826 >FD:4[ 96 96=A65 E@ DAC625 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]334]4@]F<^C6=:8:@?^C6=:8:@?D^C2DE272C:^36=:67D^36=:67D0`]D9E>=Qm#2DE272C:k^2m >6DD28:?8 E9C@F89 9:D D@?8D 2?5 D9@?6 2 DA@E=:89E @? y2>2:42 2?5 :ED A@=:E:4D] w6 255:E:@?2==J >256 C68826 >2:?DEC62>[ A2G:?8 E96 H2J 7@C :ED :?E6C?2E:@?2= A@AF=2C:EJ E9C@F89@FE E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D[ qC:E2:?[ 2?5 p7C:42]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bbcg^36DE\2?5\H@CDE\2=\A24:?@\>@G:6DQmq6DE 2?5 H@CDE p= !24:?@ >@G:6Dk^2mk^Am
- Gijsbert Hanekroot // Getty Images
- Born: April 16, 1955
- Esential listening: “Better Future” (with Mr. Green, 2019)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i p7C:<2 q2>322E22[ vC2?5>2DE6C u=2D9[ r9F4< s]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];29D@?:4]4@>^z@@=w6C4]9E>=Qmsy z@@= w6C4k^2m H2D 9@DE:?8 2 A2CEJ :? `hfb :? E96 qC@?I H96? 96 5:5 D@>6E9:?8 E92E 925 ?6G6C 366? 5@?6 367@C6i 2 E649?:BF6 96 42==65 E96 “|6CCJ\v@\#@F?5]” %@ AF== :E @77[ 96 FD65 EH@ EFC?E23=6D E@ DH:E49 36EH66? 3C62<362ED @7 y2>6D qC@H?’D “v:G6 xE &A ~C %FC? xE {@@D6[” |:4926= ':?6C’D “q@?8@ #@4<[” 2?5 q236 #FE9’D “%96 |6I:42?]” %96 C6DF=E H2D >@56C?\52J 9:A\9@A 2D H6 <?@H :E]k^Am
- Jemal Countess // Getty Images
- Original members: Maurice White (vocals, kalimba, drums, percussion), Verdine White (bass, percussion, vocals), Philip Bailey (vocals, conga, percussion, kalimba), Ralph Johnson (drums, percussion, vocals), B. David Whitworth (percussion, vocals), Myron McKinley (keyboards, musical director), John Paris (drums, vocals), Philip Bailey Jr. (vocals)
- Essential listening: “Sing a Song” (1975)
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kAmt2CE9[ (:?5 U2>Aj u:C6 Wt(uX DE2?5D 2=@?6 2D E96 3:886DE 7F?< 32?5 6G6C[ H:E9 EC24<D E92E D9@E E@ E96 E@A @7 E96 492CED E9C@F89@FE E96 ‘f_D] %96 8C@FA H2D :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^62CE9\H:?5\2?5\7:C6Qm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6k^2m :? a___[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^62CE9\H:?5\7:C6Qm62C?65 D:I vC2>>JDk^2m[ 2?5 D@=5 >@C6 E92? h_ >:==:@? 2=3F>D ;FDE :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D] t(u DE2J65 29625 @7 E96 E:>6D[ :?4@CA@C2E:?8 5:D4@[ 7F?<[ ;2KK[ 5@@\H@A[ D@F=[ {2E:?[ 2?5 A@A :?E@ E96:C EC24<D @G6C E96 J62CD] p55:E:@?2= 6G:56?46 @7 E96 32?5’D =2DE:?8 =6824J :D 2AA2C6?E :? 9@H >2?J 2CE:DED 3@CC@H t(u EC24<Di tG6CJ@?6 7C@> !F3=:4 t?6>J E@ {{ r@@= y 92G6 D2>A=65 EF?6D 7C@> E96 32?5’D DE2886C:?8 42E2=@8]k^Am
- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 29, 1958
- Died: June 25, 2009
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “%9C:==6C” W`hgaXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ qC:E?6J $A62CD[ qCF?@ |2CDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:@8C2A9J]4@>^?6HD^>:4926=\;24<D@?\:4@?:4\>@>6?EDQm|:4926= y24<D@?k^2m’D 4@?7=:4E65 9:DE@CJ 42? >2<6 :E 5:77:4F=E @C F?D66>=J E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?JE:>6D]4@>^a_`h^_b^_g^A@542DED^E96\52:=J^>:4926=\;24<D@?\23FD6\=62G:?8\?6G6C=2?5]9E>=Qm2AAC64:2E6 E96 :CC6G6CD:3=6 :>A24E 96 925 @? E@52J’D >FD:4k^2m] x? 9:D >FD:42= 42C66C[ y24<D@? 3C@<6 E96 4@=@C 32CC:6C 3J 36:?8 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]4??]4@>^a__h^$w~(qx+^|FD:4^_e^ag^>:4926=];24<D@?]3=24<]4@>>F?:EJ^Qm7:CDE q=24< 2CE:DE @? |%'k^2m H:E9 9:D “q:==:6 y62?” G:56@j 96 56E6C>:?65 2 ?6H >6E9@5 @7 AC@5F4E:@? 2?5 AC@>@E:@? H:E9 “%9C:==6Cj” 2?5 96 E@@< 9@>6 9F?5C65D @7 2H2C5D] w6 2=D@ 7@==@H65 :? E96 7@@EDE6AD @7 8C62ED =:<6 }2E z:?8 r@=6[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>65:F>]4@>^o2=J]H:=3FC?^E96\<:?8\@7\A@A\9@H\>:4926=\;24<D@?\C6G@=FE:@?:K65\E96\>FD:4\:?5FDECJ\7h__gf55ahagQmAFD9:?8 E96 3@F?52C:6D @7 H92E C@=6D q=24< >6? 4@F=5 2446AE23=J @44FAJ :? p>6C:42? D@4:6EJk^2m[ H96E96C 25@C65[ H2?E65[ @C C636==:@FD]k^Am
- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: June 7, 1958
- Died: April 21, 2016
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “!FCA=6 #2:?” W`hgcXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i s’p?86=@[ q6J@?4é[ uC2?< ~462?[ $:?625 ~’r@??@C[ yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ q64<[ #:92??2[ y2?6==6 |@?á6k^Am
kAm!C:?46’D >FD:42= 6IA6C:>6?E2E:@? EC2?D7@C>65 C@4<[ 7F?<[ A@A[ 2?5 ?6H H2G6 >FD:4] w6 H2D f H96? 96 HC@E6 9:D 7:CDE D@?8[ “uF?< |249:?6[” 2?5 FD65 ?@E ;FDE 9:D D@=@ 42C66C E@ :>A24E 9@H >FD:4 H2D A24<2865 2?5 C646:G65[ 3FE 9:D H@C< 2D 2 4@==23@C2E@C 2?5 AC@5F46C] t2C=J :? 9:D 42C66C[ D@>6 @7 9:D >@DE 2>3:E:@FD H@C<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]@<2JA=2J6C]4@>^@C:8:?2=D^AC:?46\36DE\D@?8\32?5\25>:C65\6?G:65]9E>=Qmfff\hb``k^2m” H6C6 FD65 :? @E96C 8C@FAD =:<6 %96 %:>6[ :? H9:49 !C:?46 D2?8 324<:?8 G@42=D 2?5 A=2J65 2== E96 :?DECF>6?ED] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]6G6CJE9:?8K@@>6C]4@>^2CED\6?E6CE2:?>6?E^a_`f^_e^_f^7:G6\H2JD\AC:?46\492?865\>FD:4^Qm}@ @?6 925 962C5 2?JE9:?8 =:<6 !C:?46 367@C6 96 42>6 2=@?8k^2m—3FE 7@C6G6C 27E6C[ J@F 4@F=5 962C 9:D =6824J :? EF?6D 7C@> 24ED 2D H:56\C2?8:?8 2D q64< 2?5 yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bb`b^36DE\D6==:?8\3@@<\D6C:6D\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE\D6==:?8 3@@< D6C:6D @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Neil Lupin // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 1, 1960
- Essential listening: “ Fight the Power” (1987)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i |@D s67[ %C:36 r2==65 "F6DEk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E968F2C5:2?]4@>^>FD:4^a_`f^?@G^`h^49F4<\5\:?E6CG:6H\9:A\9@A\724E\3@@<\AF3=:4\6?6>JQmr9F4< s]k^2m—AC@=:7:4 AC@5F46C[ 24E:G:DE[ 2?5 C2AA6C—@?46 72>@FD=J 42==65 !F3=:4 t?6>J[ E96 C2A 8C@FA 96 7@C>65[ E96 “r}} 7@C q=24< A6@A=6]” %92E’D 3642FD6 :? E96 =2E6 ‘g_D[ E96 >2DD6D 925 E@ =@@< E@ 9:A\9@A E@ 4@G6C C24:2= 5:DA2C:E:6D :? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6[ E96 AC:D@?\:?5FDEC:2= 4@>A=6I[ A@G6CEJ[ AC@7:=:?8[ 2?5 A@=:46 3CFE2=:EJ] r9F4< s] 96=A65 E@ DEC6?8E96? 2 4F=EFC6 @7 9:A\9@A E92E H@C<65 7@C D@4:2= 492?86 2?5 :?DA:C65 2 86?6C2E:@? @7 2CE:DED]k^Am
- David Corio // Getty Images
- Born: May 16, 1966
- Essential listening: “ Rhythm Nation” (1989)
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kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E962E=2?E:4]4@>^6?E6CE2:?>6?E^2C49:G6^a_`c^_h^E96\H@C=5\492?8:?8\2DA:C2E:@?D\@7\C9JE9>\?2E:@?\`g`c^bg_`cc^Qmy2?6E y24<D@?k^2m 9:E 96C A62< 2=@?8D:56 76==@H 962GJH6:89ED (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ |25@??2[ 2?5 %:?2 %FC?6C[ 3FE >2?2865 ?6G6CE96=6DD E@ 42CG6 @FE 96C @H? 9:89=J DA64:7:4 C@=6 :? p>6C:42? >FD:4 E92E H@F=5 36 7@C6G6C :>:E2E65 J6E ?6G6C 5FA=:42E65] $96 H2D 23=6 E@ C6249 =:DE6?6CD @7 2== C246D 2?5 324<8C@F?5D 2?5 6G6CJ 286 8C@FA[ 92D D@=5 >@C6 E92? `__ >:==:@? C64@C5D[ 2?5 H@? 5@K6?D @7 244@=256D 7C@> vC2>>JD E@ p>6C:42? |FD:4 2H2C5D]k^Am
kAmw6C `hgh 2=3F> “#9JE9> }2E:@?” DE2?5D 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE D:8?:7:42?E @7 :ED 6C2[ H:E9 :ED E:E=6 EC24< 56D4C:365 3J y24<D@? 96CD6=7 2D “E96 ?2E:@?2= 2?E96> 7@C E96 ‘h_D]” uC@> A@=:E:42= >6DD28:?8 2?5 DEF??:?8 52?46 C@FE:?6D E@ 96C 23:=:EJ E@ EC2?D46?5 86?C6D WE649?@\D@F=\C@4<\A@A 2?5 324< 282:?X[ y24<D@? D6E ?6H DE2?52C5D 7@C >FD:4 G:56@D[ 52?46 49@C6@8C2A9J[ 2?5 3C62<:?8 D6IF2= E23@@D] w6C =6824J 4@?E:?F6D E@ C6G6C36C2E6 E9C@F89@FE >FD:42= 86?C6D 2D 72C\7=F?8 2D :?5:6 C@4< 2?5 #U2>Ajq]k^Am
- Christopher Polk // Getty Images
- Born: June 16, 1971
- Died: Sept. 13, 1996
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kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ t>:?6>[ yFDE:? q:636C[ sC2<6k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^`_d`E963@F?46]4@>^a_`f^_e^`e^9@H\EFA24\D92<FC\492?865\9:A\9@A\7@C6G6C^Qm%FA24 $92<FCk^2m H2D E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 2CE:DE E@ C64@C5 2 5@F3=6 2=3F> 2?5[ :? a_`f[ 96 A@DE9F>@FD=J 3642>6 E96 7:CDE D@=@ C2AA6C E@ 36 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6] w6 :D C6G6C65 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD :? p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ 2?5 =67E 9:D :?56=:3=6 >2C< @? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6 ?@E ;FDE 2D 2 C2AA6C H:E9 `` A=2E:?F>\D6==:?8 2=3F>D 2?5 H@C=5H:56 ?@E@C:6EJ[ 3FE 2=D@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96D@FC46]4@>^a_`e^_e^`e^EFA24\D92<FC\E96\AC@E@EJA6\@7\2\DEC66E\A@6E^Qm2D 2 A@6Ek^2m]k^Am
- Al Pereira // Getty Images
- Born: Dec. 4, 1969
- Essential listening: “Public Service Announcement” (2003)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ z2?J6 (6DEk^Am
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- Brian Ach // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 4, 1981
- Essential listening: “ Formation” (2016)
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- Larry Busacca/PW18 // Getty Images
- Born: June 17, 1987
- Essential listening: “Love.” (Feat. Zacari, 2017)
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- Santiago Bluguermann // Getty Images
- Born: April 25, 1917
- Died: June 15, 1996
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- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
Black artists music wouldn't be the same without
Black artists music wouldn't be the same without
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There is no American music that doesn’t have Black roots. From country-western, which draws upon banjo music from Africa, to rock ‘n’ roll, begun by a Black woman playing electric guitar in 1938, American music can’t be separated out from its rich history of diversity and experimentation.
Every artist transforms his or her medium simply by working in it, and it so follows that every musician changes the art form slightly just by creating and performing songs. But throughout American history, there are examples of artists who have been so transformative as to change musical genres themselves. Other times, artists unwittingly create new genres—whether Fela Kuti with Afrobeat, Frankie Knuckles with house music, or Fats Domino with ska.
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- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: 1868 (approximate—actual birth date unknown)
- Died: April 1, 1917
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 4, 1901
- Died: July 6, 1971
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 15, 1894
- Died: Sept. 26, 1937
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- Anthony Barboza // Getty Images
- Born: May 8, 1911
- Died: Aug. 16, 1938
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- Delta Haze Corporation // Wikimedia Commons
- Born: March 20, 1915
- Died: Oct. 9, 1973
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- Tony Evans/Timelapse Library Ltd. // Getty Images
- Born: April 29, 1899
- Died: May 24, 1974
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 7, 1915
- Died: July 17, 1959
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: July 8, 1908
- Died: Feb. 4, 1975
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 10, 1917
- Died: Feb. 17, 1982
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- David Redfern // Getty Images
- Born: March 17, 1919
- Died: February 15, 1965
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- Imagno // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 25, 1938
- Died: Jan. 20, 2012
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- Andrew Putler// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 16, 1925
- Died: May 14, 2015
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- Estate Of Keith Morris // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 18, 1926
- Died: March 18, 2017
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1930
- Died: June 10, 2004
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- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Born: May 26, 1926
- Died: Sept. 28, 1991
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- Jack Vartoogian // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 21, 1933
- Died: April 21, 2003
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- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 26, 1928
- Died: Oct. 24, 2017
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 22, 1931
- Died: Dec. 11, 1964
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: June 3, 1942
- Died: Dec. 26, 1999
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bcbg^36DE\6>>J\?@>:?2E65\D9@HD\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE t>>J ?@>:?2E65 D9@HD @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Founding members: O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley and Ronald Isley
- Essential listening: “Go for Your Guns” (1977)
kAm\ (9@ E96J :?DA:C65i %96 q62E=6D[ |:4926= y24<D@?[ t2CE9[ (:?5 U2>Aj u:C6[ $2=E\?\!6A2[ z@@= U2>Aj E96 v2?8[ !C:?46[ q@JK xx |6?[ z6?5C:4< {2>2Ck^Am
kAm%96 xD=6J qC@E96CD EC2?D7@C>65 E96>D6=G6D 2?5 >@56C? >FD:4 2=@?8 E96 H2J 7C@> E96:C DE2CE D:?8:?8 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlGp"b&K8<gb*Qm%96 r@H yF>A65 ~G6C E96 |@@?”k^2m W`hdfX 2?5 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]HD;]4@>^2CE:4=6D^9@H\E96\:D=6J\3C@E96CD\4C62E65\D9@FE\`ccedfadffQm$9@FEk^2m” W`hdhX[ E@ “%92E {25J W!2CED ` U2>Aj aXQ W`hfbX[ 2?5 “v@ 7@C *@FC vF?D” W`hffX] %96 8C@FA A:4<65 FA ?6H >6>36CD 2=@?8 E96:C 4:C4F:E@FD A2E9 E9C@F89 8@DA6=[ C@4< ‘?’ C@==[ |@E@H?[ 4:G:= C:89ED :4@?D[ 7@=<[ 2?5 7F?<[ :?4=F5:?8 2 J@F?8 8F:E2C:DE ?2>65 y:>: w6?5C:I[ H9@ A=2J65 H:E9 E96 32?5 F?E:= `hedj 2?5 E96:C H:=5[ C@==:4<:?8 =6824J 7C@> >2?2865 E@ :?DA:C65 G:CEF2==J 6G6CJ@?6 H9@ 42>6 27E6C] %96 8C@FA 92D 366? 42==65[ H:E9 23D@=FE6 D6C:@FD?6DD[ E96 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>282K:?6]G:?J=>6A=62D6]4@>^>282K:?6^:D=6J\3C@E96CD\=:?6C\?@E6D^Qm>@DE :>A@CE2?E p>6C:42? 32?5 @7 2== E:>6k^2m” 7@C 2? :?7=F6?46 C:G2=65 @?=J 3J E96 q62E=6D]k^Am
- Chris Ware // Getty Images
- Born: March 26, 1944
- Essential listening: “I’m Coming Out” (1980)
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i |2CJ y] q=:86[ q6J@?4é[ (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ #@36CE2 u=24<[ %@?: qC2IE@?[ sFDEJ $AC:?87:6=5[ |2C:29 r2C6J[ |:4926= y24<D@?k^Am
kAms:2?2 #@DD 2?5 96C >:89EJ $FAC6>6D D6E E96 A24:?8 7@C E96 |@E@H? D@F?5 7C@> E96 >@>6?E E96J 7@C>65 :? `hdh E9C@F89@FE E96 `he_D[ H:E9 E96:C G@:46D 2D E96 D@F?5EC24< @7 E96 E:>6D] #@DD’ 56A2CEFC6 7C@> E96 32?5[ :? 2 >@G6 q6J@?4é H@F=5 649@ 564256D =2E6C[ H@F=5 =2F?49 2? 6G6? 3:886C[ >@C6 :?7=F6?E:2= >FD:42= 42C66C] #@DD H2D @?6 @7 E96 3:886DE 76>2=6 2CE:DED E9C@F89@FE BF:4< >FD:42= 492?86D @7 E96 `hf_D 2?5 ‘g_D 2?5 H@F=5 :?DA:C6 2== q=24< H@>6? G@42=:DED H9@ 42>6 27E6C[ 7C@> #@36CE2 u=24< E@ |2CJ y] q=:86]k^Am
- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Born: May 13, 1950
- Essential listening: “Sir Duke” (1976)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i y@9? {686?5[ tCJ<29 q25F[ s’p?86=@[ z2?J6 (6DE[ |:4926= y24<D@?[ {2FCJ? w:==[ !C:?46k^Am
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- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: May 3, 1933
- Died: Dec. 25, 2006
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “!=62D6[ !=62D6[ !=62D6” W`hdeXk^Am
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kAmqC@H? 2=D@ 3C@F89E @FE 9:D 42A6 3:E 7@C E9:D EF?6 H96? 96 A6C7@C>65 :E Wk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{"5|+`BC?e<Qm2 D49E:4< E92E 92D E@ 36 D66? E@ 36 ECF=J 2AAC64:2E65k^2mX[ :? H9:49 96 CF?D 9:>D6=7 C28865 @? DE286 F?E:= 2 42A6 :D AFE @G6C 9:D D9@F=56CD 2?5 qC@H? :D 8F:565 2H2J—@?=J 7@C qC@H? E@ E@DD E96 42A6 @77 :? 5C2>2E:4 72D9:@? 2?5 C6EFC? E@ E96 >:4C@A9@?6] %96 D46?6 E9C:==65 2F5:6?46D 2?5 H2D @?6 96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlve$B5p&BH'HQmC6A62E65 E9C@F89@FE 9:D 564256D\DA2??:?8 42C66Ck^2m] p?5[ A6C92AD >@DE E6==:?8=J[ C64@C5 =236=D 2E 7:CDE H6C6 D@ AFE @77 3J E96 8C:EE:?6DD @7 E96 D@?8 H96? 96 3682? A6C7@C>:?8 :E :? `hdc E92E qC@H? H6?E F?D:8?65 F?E:= `hde H96? z:?8 #64@C5D E@@< 2 492?46 2?5 D6E E96 w2C56DE (@C<:?8 |2? :? $9@H qFD:?6DD :? >@E:@? 2?5[ 2C8F23=J[ 492?865 D@F= >FD:4 7@C6G6C H9:=6 D6EE:?8 E96 DE286 7@C 2 ?6H 86?C6 @7 >FD:4 42==65 9:A\9@A]k^Am
- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: April 2, 1939
- Died: April 1, 1984
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^b_fa^42?\J@F\2?DH6C\E96D6\C62=\;6@A2C5J\BF6DE:@?D\23@FE\EG\D9@HDQmr2? J@F 2?DH6C E96D6 C62= Vy6@A2C5JPV BF6DE:@?D 23@FE %' D9@HDnk^2mk^Am
- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Original members: David Ruffin (main lead singer), Paul Williams (secondary lead singer), Eddie Kendricks (first tenor lead singer), Melvin Franklin (bass lead singer)
- Essential listening: “My Girl” (1964)
kAm\ (9@ E96J :?DA:C65i %96 y24<D@? d[ |24J vC2J[ p= vC66?[ %96 !@:?E6C $:DE6CD[ %96 s@@3:6 qC@E96CDk^Am
kAm#U2>Ajq >682DE2CD %96 %6>AE2E:@?D H6C6 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^E6>AE2E:@?DQm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6 :? `hghk^2m 2?5 H6C6 C2E65 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:==3@2C5]4@>^492CED^8C62E6DE\C\3\9:A\9@A\2CE:DEDQmR` #U2>Ajq^w:A\w@A pCE:DED @7 p== %:>6k^2m 3J q:==3@2C5 |282K:?6] %96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>@E@H?>FD6F>]@C8^>@E@H?\D@F?5^E96\2CE:DED^E6>AE2E:@?D^Qm%6>AE2E:@?D’ :?7=F6?46k^2m @G6C D@F= >FD:4 2?5 #U2>Ajq 92D 366? 4@>A2C65 E@ E92E @7 E96 q62E=6D @G6C A@A 2?5 C@4<[ 2?5 E96:C 52?46 >@G6D 2?5 D:?8:?8 :?DA:C65 6G6CJ@?6 27E6C E96> 7C@> 3@J 32?5D E@ D@=@ 24ED]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1926
- Died: July 17, 1967
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “x?5:2” W`hebXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ uC2?< +2AA2[ y:>: w6?5C:I[ %96 qJC5Dk^Am
kAmw:DE@CJ’D >@DE :>A@CE2?E E6?@C D2I@A9@?:DE y@9? r@=EC2?6 5:5 >@C6 E92? EFC? ;2KK @? :ED 9625i xE 4C62E65 2 H9@=6 ?6H >FD:42= 86?C6 42==65 ADJ49656=:4 C@4<] %96 qJC5D[ H9@ HC@E6 “t:89E |:=6D w:89”—H:56=J C682C565 2D E96 7:CDE ADJ49656=:4 C@4< D@?8—E@@< 2 5:C64E 4F6 7C@> r@=EC2?6’D 2=3F>D “p7C:42^qC2DD” 2?5 “x>AC6DD:@?D[” DA64:7:42==J E96 EC24< “x?5:2” 7C@> E96 =2EE6C]k^Am
- JP Jazz Archive // Getty Images
- Born: March 25, 1942
- Died: Aug. 16, 2018
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kAmp?J@?6 H:E9 2 D6E @7 62CD 4@F=5 92G6 <?@H? :? `hde E92E `c\J62C\@=5 pC6E92 uC2?<=:? H2D 8@:?8 E@ 36 2 DE2C H96? D96 H2D C64@C565 =:G6 3J y\'\q C64@C5D D:?8:?8 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{$dx>3G2DA"Qm*@F vC@H r=@D6Ck^2m” 2E }6H q6E96= q2AE:DE r9FC49 :? s6EC@:E WE96 4@>A=6E6 C64@C5:?8D H6C6 C6=62D65 :? `hed 3J r964<6C #64@C5:?8DX] yFDE D:I J62CD =2E6C[ D96 H2D =2J:?8 5@H? 3=F6D 2?5 3:8\32?5 EC24<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlx@~%pHJ<=~_Qm}@3@5J {:<6 *@Fk^2m” E92E H@F=5 D6E 96C :?6G:E23=6 2D46?52?4J E@ 2 4F=EFC2= :4@? H:E9 2 D6G6?\564256 42C66C DA2??:?8 8@DA6=[ D@F=[ #U2>Ajq[ A@A[ C@4<[ 2?5 G:CEF2==J 6G6CJE9:?8 :? 36EH66?] x? `hgf[ D96 3642>6 E96 7:CDE H@>2? :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Nov. 27, 1942
- Died: Sept. 18, 1970
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kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i y677 q64<[ !C:?46[ y@9? |2J6C[ z:C< w2>>6EE[ xD=6J qC@E96CDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@==:?8DE@?6]4@>^>FD:4^>FD:4\=:DED^;:>:\96?5C:I\`_\8C62E\AC6\72>6\EC24<D\`adhbc^Qmy:>: w6?5C:Ik^2m 8C6H FA =:DE6?:?8 E@ qF55J vFJ[ |F55J (2E6CD[ 2?5 ;2KK >FD:4[ 2== @7 H9:49 2C6 2F5:3=6 :? 9:D 62C=J C64@C5:?8D] x? 255:E:@? E@ 36:?8 @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE 8F:E2C A=2J6CD E@ 6G6C =:G6[ 96 H2D 2=D@ @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE A6C7@C>6CD] w6?5C:I H2D ?@E@C:@FD 7@C A=2J:?8 8F:E2C H:E9 9:D E66E9[ D6EE:?8 :?DECF>6?ED @? 7:C6[ 2?5 D>2D9:?8 E96> @? DE286] w6 E@@< 492?46D H:E9 >FD:4 ?@ @?6 925 E2<6? 367@C6 2?5 A2G65 E96 H2J 7@C 7FEFC6 :??@G2E@CD =:<6 !C:?46]k^Am
- Evening Standard // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 6, 1945
- Died: May 11, 1981
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- Gijsbert Hanekroot // Getty Images
- Born: April 16, 1955
- Esential listening: “Better Future” (with Mr. Green, 2019)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i p7C:<2 q2>322E22[ vC2?5>2DE6C u=2D9[ r9F4< s]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];29D@?:4]4@>^z@@=w6C4]9E>=Qmsy z@@= w6C4k^2m H2D 9@DE:?8 2 A2CEJ :? `hfb :? E96 qC@?I H96? 96 5:5 D@>6E9:?8 E92E 925 ?6G6C 366? 5@?6 367@C6i 2 E649?:BF6 96 42==65 E96 “|6CCJ\v@\#@F?5]” %@ AF== :E @77[ 96 FD65 EH@ EFC?E23=6D E@ DH:E49 36EH66? 3C62<362ED @7 y2>6D qC@H?’D “v:G6 xE &A ~C %FC? xE {@@D6[” |:4926= ':?6C’D “q@?8@ #@4<[” 2?5 q236 #FE9’D “%96 |6I:42?]” %96 C6DF=E H2D >@56C?\52J 9:A\9@A 2D H6 <?@H :E]k^Am
- Jemal Countess // Getty Images
- Original members: Maurice White (vocals, kalimba, drums, percussion), Verdine White (bass, percussion, vocals), Philip Bailey (vocals, conga, percussion, kalimba), Ralph Johnson (drums, percussion, vocals), B. David Whitworth (percussion, vocals), Myron McKinley (keyboards, musical director), John Paris (drums, vocals), Philip Bailey Jr. (vocals)
- Essential listening: “Sing a Song” (1975)
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kAmt2CE9[ (:?5 U2>Aj u:C6 Wt(uX DE2?5D 2=@?6 2D E96 3:886DE 7F?< 32?5 6G6C[ H:E9 EC24<D E92E D9@E E@ E96 E@A @7 E96 492CED E9C@F89@FE E96 ‘f_D] %96 8C@FA H2D :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^62CE9\H:?5\2?5\7:C6Qm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6k^2m :? a___[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^62CE9\H:?5\7:C6Qm62C?65 D:I vC2>>JDk^2m[ 2?5 D@=5 >@C6 E92? h_ >:==:@? 2=3F>D ;FDE :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D] t(u DE2J65 29625 @7 E96 E:>6D[ :?4@CA@C2E:?8 5:D4@[ 7F?<[ ;2KK[ 5@@\H@A[ D@F=[ {2E:?[ 2?5 A@A :?E@ E96:C EC24<D @G6C E96 J62CD] p55:E:@?2= 6G:56?46 @7 E96 32?5’D =2DE:?8 =6824J :D 2AA2C6?E :? 9@H >2?J 2CE:DED 3@CC@H t(u EC24<Di tG6CJ@?6 7C@> !F3=:4 t?6>J E@ {{ r@@= y 92G6 D2>A=65 EF?6D 7C@> E96 32?5’D DE2886C:?8 42E2=@8]k^Am
- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 29, 1958
- Died: June 25, 2009
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “%9C:==6C” W`hgaXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ qC:E?6J $A62CD[ qCF?@ |2CDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:@8C2A9J]4@>^?6HD^>:4926=\;24<D@?\:4@?:4\>@>6?EDQm|:4926= y24<D@?k^2m’D 4@?7=:4E65 9:DE@CJ 42? >2<6 :E 5:77:4F=E @C F?D66>=J E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?JE:>6D]4@>^a_`h^_b^_g^A@542DED^E96\52:=J^>:4926=\;24<D@?\23FD6\=62G:?8\?6G6C=2?5]9E>=Qm2AAC64:2E6 E96 :CC6G6CD:3=6 :>A24E 96 925 @? E@52J’D >FD:4k^2m] x? 9:D >FD:42= 42C66C[ y24<D@? 3C@<6 E96 4@=@C 32CC:6C 3J 36:?8 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]4??]4@>^a__h^$w~(qx+^|FD:4^_e^ag^>:4926=];24<D@?]3=24<]4@>>F?:EJ^Qm7:CDE q=24< 2CE:DE @? |%'k^2m H:E9 9:D “q:==:6 y62?” G:56@j 96 56E6C>:?65 2 ?6H >6E9@5 @7 AC@5F4E:@? 2?5 AC@>@E:@? H:E9 “%9C:==6Cj” 2?5 96 E@@< 9@>6 9F?5C65D @7 2H2C5D] w6 2=D@ 7@==@H65 :? E96 7@@EDE6AD @7 8C62ED =:<6 }2E z:?8 r@=6[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>65:F>]4@>^o2=J]H:=3FC?^E96\<:?8\@7\A@A\9@H\>:4926=\;24<D@?\C6G@=FE:@?:K65\E96\>FD:4\:?5FDECJ\7h__gf55ahagQmAFD9:?8 E96 3@F?52C:6D @7 H92E C@=6D q=24< >6? 4@F=5 2446AE23=J @44FAJ :? p>6C:42? D@4:6EJk^2m[ H96E96C 25@C65[ H2?E65[ @C C636==:@FD]k^Am
- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: June 7, 1958
- Died: April 21, 2016
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “!FCA=6 #2:?” W`hgcXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i s’p?86=@[ q6J@?4é[ uC2?< ~462?[ $:?625 ~’r@??@C[ yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ q64<[ #:92??2[ y2?6==6 |@?á6k^Am
kAm!C:?46’D >FD:42= 6IA6C:>6?E2E:@? EC2?D7@C>65 C@4<[ 7F?<[ A@A[ 2?5 ?6H H2G6 >FD:4] w6 H2D f H96? 96 HC@E6 9:D 7:CDE D@?8[ “uF?< |249:?6[” 2?5 FD65 ?@E ;FDE 9:D D@=@ 42C66C E@ :>A24E 9@H >FD:4 H2D A24<2865 2?5 C646:G65[ 3FE 9:D H@C< 2D 2 4@==23@C2E@C 2?5 AC@5F46C] t2C=J :? 9:D 42C66C[ D@>6 @7 9:D >@DE 2>3:E:@FD H@C<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]@<2JA=2J6C]4@>^@C:8:?2=D^AC:?46\36DE\D@?8\32?5\25>:C65\6?G:65]9E>=Qmfff\hb``k^2m” H6C6 FD65 :? @E96C 8C@FAD =:<6 %96 %:>6[ :? H9:49 !C:?46 D2?8 324<:?8 G@42=D 2?5 A=2J65 2== E96 :?DECF>6?ED] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]6G6CJE9:?8K@@>6C]4@>^2CED\6?E6CE2:?>6?E^a_`f^_e^_f^7:G6\H2JD\AC:?46\492?865\>FD:4^Qm}@ @?6 925 962C5 2?JE9:?8 =:<6 !C:?46 367@C6 96 42>6 2=@?8k^2m—3FE 7@C6G6C 27E6C[ J@F 4@F=5 962C 9:D =6824J :? EF?6D 7C@> 24ED 2D H:56\C2?8:?8 2D q64< 2?5 yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bb`b^36DE\D6==:?8\3@@<\D6C:6D\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE\D6==:?8 3@@< D6C:6D @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Neil Lupin // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 1, 1960
- Essential listening: “ Fight the Power” (1987)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i |@D s67[ %C:36 r2==65 "F6DEk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E968F2C5:2?]4@>^>FD:4^a_`f^?@G^`h^49F4<\5\:?E6CG:6H\9:A\9@A\724E\3@@<\AF3=:4\6?6>JQmr9F4< s]k^2m—AC@=:7:4 AC@5F46C[ 24E:G:DE[ 2?5 C2AA6C—@?46 72>@FD=J 42==65 !F3=:4 t?6>J[ E96 C2A 8C@FA 96 7@C>65[ E96 “r}} 7@C q=24< A6@A=6]” %92E’D 3642FD6 :? E96 =2E6 ‘g_D[ E96 >2DD6D 925 E@ =@@< E@ 9:A\9@A E@ 4@G6C C24:2= 5:DA2C:E:6D :? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6[ E96 AC:D@?\:?5FDEC:2= 4@>A=6I[ A@G6CEJ[ AC@7:=:?8[ 2?5 A@=:46 3CFE2=:EJ] r9F4< s] 96=A65 E@ DEC6?8E96? 2 4F=EFC6 @7 9:A\9@A E92E H@C<65 7@C D@4:2= 492?86 2?5 :?DA:C65 2 86?6C2E:@? @7 2CE:DED]k^Am
- David Corio // Getty Images
- Born: May 16, 1966
- Essential listening: “ Rhythm Nation” (1989)
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kAmw6C `hgh 2=3F> “#9JE9> }2E:@?” DE2?5D 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE D:8?:7:42?E @7 :ED 6C2[ H:E9 :ED E:E=6 EC24< 56D4C:365 3J y24<D@? 96CD6=7 2D “E96 ?2E:@?2= 2?E96> 7@C E96 ‘h_D]” uC@> A@=:E:42= >6DD28:?8 2?5 DEF??:?8 52?46 C@FE:?6D E@ 96C 23:=:EJ E@ EC2?D46?5 86?C6D WE649?@\D@F=\C@4<\A@A 2?5 324< 282:?X[ y24<D@? D6E ?6H DE2?52C5D 7@C >FD:4 G:56@D[ 52?46 49@C6@8C2A9J[ 2?5 3C62<:?8 D6IF2= E23@@D] w6C =6824J 4@?E:?F6D E@ C6G6C36C2E6 E9C@F89@FE >FD:42= 86?C6D 2D 72C\7=F?8 2D :?5:6 C@4< 2?5 #U2>Ajq]k^Am
- Christopher Polk // Getty Images
- Born: June 16, 1971
- Died: Sept. 13, 1996
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “s62C |2>2” W`hhdXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ t>:?6>[ yFDE:? q:636C[ sC2<6k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^`_d`E963@F?46]4@>^a_`f^_e^`e^9@H\EFA24\D92<FC\492?865\9:A\9@A\7@C6G6C^Qm%FA24 $92<FCk^2m H2D E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 2CE:DE E@ C64@C5 2 5@F3=6 2=3F> 2?5[ :? a_`f[ 96 A@DE9F>@FD=J 3642>6 E96 7:CDE D@=@ C2AA6C E@ 36 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6] w6 :D C6G6C65 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD :? p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ 2?5 =67E 9:D :?56=:3=6 >2C< @? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6 ?@E ;FDE 2D 2 C2AA6C H:E9 `` A=2E:?F>\D6==:?8 2=3F>D 2?5 H@C=5H:56 ?@E@C:6EJ[ 3FE 2=D@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96D@FC46]4@>^a_`e^_e^`e^EFA24\D92<FC\E96\AC@E@EJA6\@7\2\DEC66E\A@6E^Qm2D 2 A@6Ek^2m]k^Am
- Al Pereira // Getty Images
- Born: Dec. 4, 1969
- Essential listening: “Public Service Announcement” (2003)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ z2?J6 (6DEk^Am
kAm%96 DEF??:?8[ 2H2C5\DA64<=65 C:D6 @7 y2J\+ W$92H? r2CE6CX @G6C 9:D 564256D\=@?8 42C66C 3682? H:E9 9:D :?56A6?56?E=J C6=62D65 “#62D@?23=6 s@F3E” :? `hhe @? 9:D ?6H=J 4C62E65 =236=[ #@4\p\u6==2[ 2?5 4@?E:?F6D E@ E9:D 52J H:E9 E92E =236= >2<:?8 9:> E96 C:496DE >2? :? 9:A\9@A] w:D ?6E H@CE9 DE2?5D 2E 2C@F?5 S`]c 3:==:@?[ 244@C5:?8 E@ u@C36D[ H9:49 >2<6D 9:> E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 3:==:@?2:C6 :? 9:DE@CJ] w6 56>@?DEC2E6D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3FD:?6DD:?D:56C]4@>^;2J\K\?6E\H@CE9\a_`g\hQmG2DE C62496D @7 E@52J’D >FD:4 :?5FDECJk^2m[ H:E9 9:D 92?5D @G6C E96 J62CD :? 2 DEC62>:?8 D6CG:46[ 2=4@9@= 4@>A2?J[ 4=@E9:?8 =:?6[ DA@CED 4=F3[ 2?5 G2C:@FD 6?E6CE2:?>6?E =236=D] w:D D64C6En #6=J:?8 @? 9:>D6=7 E@ 3F:=5 9:D 3C2?5D 2?5 C2AA:?8 23@FE E92E H9:49 96 <?@HD >@DE 23@FEi 9:>D6=7] xE’D ?@E 2 DEC6E49 E@ D2J 96’D 36=:6G65 E@ 36 2>@?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@A>2EE6CD]4@>^`e`fff\:?\5676?D6\@7\;2J\K\2D\E96\>@DE\:>A@CE2?E\A6CD@?\:?\9:A\9@A\9:DE@\achdgaef_c]9E>=QmE96 36DE W:7 ?@E E96 36DEX C2AA6CD :? 9:DE@CJk^2m[ H9@ 42? 92G6 7F? H9:=6 56=:G6C:?8 A@:8?2?E @3D6CG2E:@?D 2?5 5:77:4F=E ECFE9D]k^Am
- Brian Ach // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 4, 1981
- Essential listening: “ Formation” (2016)
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i pC:2?2 vC2?56[ $2> $>:E9[ }:4<: |:?2;[ {25J v282k^Am
kAmq6J@?4é 8@E 96C DE2CE 2D 2 E66?286C :? s6DE:?J’D r9:=5[ H9:49 :? :ED @H? C:89E H2D @?6 @7 E96 36DE\D6==:?8 8:C= 8C@FAD :? p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ] $96 7@C865 @FE @? 96C @H? H:E9 “s2?86C@FD=J :? {@G6” :? a__b] pD 96C DF446DD 8C6H D@ E@@ 5:5 96C >6DD28:?8[ H9:49 4F=>:?2E65 :? a_`e H:E9 E96 6A:4 “{6>@?256[” 96C D:IE9 DEF5:@ 2=3F>] %92E C64@C5[ H9:49 6IA=@C6D E96>6D @7 72>:=J 9:DE@CJ[ A@=:E:4D[ C6=2E:@?D9:AD[ 2?5 :?7:56=:EJ[ 42>6 2=@?8D:56 2? 9@FC\=@?8 2CE 7:=>]k^Am
- Larry Busacca/PW18 // Getty Images
- Born: June 17, 1987
- Essential listening: “Love.” (Feat. Zacari, 2017)
kAm#2AA6C z6?5C:4< {2>2C 3642>6 E96 7:CDE C2A 2CE:DE E@ 36 2H2C565 E96 !F=:EK6C !C:K6 7@C |FD:4 :? a_`g 7@C 9:D 7@FCE9 DEF5:@ 2=3F>[ “sp|}]” pE ;FDE bc J62CD @=5[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^<6?5C:4<\=2>2CQm{2>2C 92D 2=C625J 62C?65 `b vC2>>JDk^2m 2?5 2 ?@5 7C@> %:>6 >282K:?6 2D @?6 @7 E96 `__ >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= A6@A=6 :? E96 H@C=5] w6 :D H:56=J 4@?D:56C65 @?6 @7 9:D 86?6C2E:@?’D >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD[ 2?5 2D 2 D@?8HC:E6C 2?5 AC@5F46C[ 96’D 2=C625J 96=A65 E@ 49FC? @FE 2?5 56G6=@A ?6H E2=6?E[ 7C@> p3\$@F= E@ $K2]k^Am
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- Santiago Bluguermann // Getty Images
- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: April 25, 1917
- Died: June 15, 1996
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kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i p56=6[ {25J v282[ {2?2 s6= #6Jk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]6==27:EK86C2=5]4@>^23@FE^3:@8C2A9JQmt==2 u:EK86C2=5k^2m 42CC:65 E96 5:DE:?4E:@? @7 36:?8 E96 >@DE 72>@FD H@>2? ;2KK D:?86C :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D 7@C >@C6 E92? d_ J62CD] $96 D@=5 >@C6 E92? c_ >:==:@? 2=3F>D[ H@? `b vC2>>JD[ H2D 2H2C565 E96 }2E:@?2= |652= @7 E96 pCED 3J !C6D:56?E #@?2=5 #6282?[ 2?5 H:== 7@C6G6C 36 C6>6>36C65 2D @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE D42E D:?86CD :? 9:DE@CJ] w6C 7:?86CAC:?ED 2C6 2== @G6C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]334]4@]F<^AC@8C2>>6D^2CE:4=6D^d>>3r(+_{gg9Awr'!wH!cv=^e\>@56C?\2CE:DED\H6\H@F=5?E\92G6\H:E9@FE\6==2\7:EK86C2=5Qm>@56C?\52J A@A DE2CDk^2m[ 3FE u:EK86C2=5—H9@ 5C6H @? 36\3@A :?7=F6?46D =:<6 r92C=:6 !2C<6C 2?5 s:KKJ v:==6DA:6 2?5 C64@C565 >@C6 E92? a__ 2=3F>D E9C@F89@FE 96C =:76—92D 7FCE96C AC@G:565 :?DA:C2E:@? E@ 4@F?E=6DD A6@A=6 7@C 96C A6CD6G6C2?46 :? @G6C4@>:?8 =:76’D @3DE24=6D 7C@> A@G6CEJ 2?5 C24:D> E@ 8C:67 2?5 92C5D9:A]k^Am
- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
Mark Kennedy is at http://twitter.com/KennedyTwits
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